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定语从句（TheAttributiveClause）•在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：ThestorythatyoureadisTheLittlePrince.ShelookedatJeff,whowaswavinghisarms.•上面两句中的Jeff和story是定语从句所修饰的词，叫“先行词”。定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who（宾格whom,所有格whose）和关系副词where,when,why。关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分。1.由关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词例句That在从句中作主语或宾语指物1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（作主语）2.Thenoodles(that)Icookedweredelicious.（作宾语）指人1.Let’saskthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere.（作主语）2.Thegirl(that)wesawyesterdayisJim’ssister.（作宾语）which在从句中作主语或宾语指物1.Theyplantedthetreeswhichdidn’tneedmuchwater.（作主语）2.Thefish(which)weboughtwerenotfresh.（作宾语）who,whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语指人1.TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.（作主语）2.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledMichael.（作主语）3.ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMrLi.（作宾语）4.Mr.Readistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite.（作宾语）whose在从句中作定语指人1.MissFloweristheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.2.HarryistheboywhosemotherisourMathsteacher.2.由关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词例句when指时间1.IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.2.We’llneverforgetthehappytimewhenweworkedonthefar.where指地点1.Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.2.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.why指原因1.Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan’tdothat.2.Hecouldn’tgivetheteacheragoodreasonwhyhewaslateforschool.•注：•1)that和which在从句作主语时，不能省略；作宾语时，在口语和非正式文体中经常省略。whom也常可省略。•2)关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。如：•Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunner.•Theathletewhomyoutalkedtoisafamousrunner.•但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如：•Isthisthewatchwhichheislookingfor?•Theoldmanwhomthenursesarelookingafterisverywellnow.•3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。如：•Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.•4)关系代词whose还可以在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语。如：•Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.3.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。•1）限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号隔开。•Shehasfoundthenecklace(that)shelosttwoweeksago.•Howdoyouapologisetoyourfriendwhosebikeyoulost?•TheaccidenthappenedonthedaywhenIlostmyjob.•2）非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词做些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。•Helen,whowassittingonmyleft,saidthatthismealwasthebestshehadeverhad.•Lijiang,whereIwasborn,isverybeautiful.•John,whospeaksSpanish,worksthere.•Dinnerstartswithasmalldish,whichiscalledastarter.•YesterdayImetLiPing,wholookedverytired.•IspentawholeafternoonwithJohn,whowasveryfriendlyandhelpful.【要点难点】•1.that和which的用法区别•只用that的情况：–先行词由最高级修饰时，如thebestworkthatIcando.–先行词由序数词修饰时，如thesecondbookthatIbought.–先行词由thelast,theonly,thesame,thevery等修饰时–先行词是不定代词all,anything,everything,little,much,nobody,nothing等时，如anythingthathedoes;allthatIcandonow等。–先行词有any,no,all等限定词时，如allthewordsthatI’velearned.–先行词为词组，该词组既含人又含物时，如thecityandthepeoplethatIvisited.只用which的情况：–在非限定性定语从句中（定语从句前有逗号）。–介词后。请看that和which的使用例句：•It’sthebestfilmthat’severbeenmadeonthesubjectofmadness.这是以精神病为题材而拍摄的影片中最好的一段。•ShakespeareisthegreatestpoetthatEnglandhaseverhad.莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。（本句中先行词虽是人，但由于前面也有形容词最高级修饰，仍用that较好）•Takethefirstopportunitythatoffers.抓住第一个出现的机会。•Heisthelastpersonthatonewouldsuspect.人们最不可能怀疑他。•Manistheonlycreaturethatisgiftedwithspeech.只有人类具有语言的天赋。•Afoolseesnotthesametreethatawisemansees.一个傻瓜看到的树和一个聪明人看到的树不一样。•Thoseweretheverywordsthathesaidatthemeeting.这些就是他在会上说的原话。•Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的并不都是金子。•Anythingthatyouhavetosayhadbetterbesaidineachother’spresence.有话最好当面说。•There’sstillmuchthatistobedone.仍然有很多事要做。•Ihavechangedmymind.Nothingthatyousaywillchangeit.我已经改变了主意，无论你说什么也无法改变它。•Nobodythatwastherecouldconvinceherofhermistake.这没有一个人能使她明白她的错误。•Everypaperthatyoureadgivesthesamestory.你看到的每份报纸都报道同样的新闻。•Istillcan’tforgettheplacesandthepeoplethatIvisitedduringlastsummervacation.•2.关系代词（that,which,who,whom等）和关系副词（when,where等）的用法区别•1）关系代词在定语从句作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语；•2）分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。•Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked.•（worked是不及物动词不接宾语，所以不用which/that。Where相当于inthefactory）•Thisisthefactorywhich/thatmyfatheronceworkedin.•（workedin的宾语是factory，固用关系代词which/that）•Iwillneverforgetthedayswhich/thatIspentinthewoodnearourvillage.•（thedays是spent的宾语）•IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentmyholidayswithmygrandparents.•（spent的宾语是holidays，不是thedays）•IwillneverforgetthesmallvillagewhereIspentmyholidays.•（与上句一样，spent的宾语是myholidays.）•Isthistheschoolwhich/thatyouvisitedtheotherday?•（theschool作visited的宾语）•Isthistheschoolwhereyouvisitedyourteachertheotherday?•(visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语yourteacher,所以不用that/which）•3.thosewho和hewho句型•两个常用句型。Hewho常用于谚语中。•Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到长城非好汉。•Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.上帝帮助自强的人。•Hewhoinsistsonseeingwithperfectcleannessbeforehedecidesneverdecides.坚持一切看清楚之后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。•Hewasaboldmanwhofirstateanoyster.第一个吃duli的人是勇敢的人。•4.whose的用法•Whose是关系限定词，既可以指人也可以指物，既可以说“某人的”，也可以说“某物的”。•Fortuneneverhelpsthemanwhosecouragefails.运气永远不会帮助丧失勇气的人。•That’sthemanwhosehousehasburneddown.那就是那位房屋烧毁的人。•Haveyounoticedthehousewhosewindowsareclosednow?你注意到了那家窗户关着的房子吗？•He’swrittenabookwhosenameIhavecompletelyforgotten.他写了一本书，书名我完全忘记了。•Abovethetreesarethemountains,whosemagnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflec