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ManchuPeoplePresentedbyTobyD.WangManchuHistoryThefirstancestorsoftheManchuweretheSushen,apeoplewholivedduringthesecondandfirstmillenniaBC.OneofthetribesoftheMohe,theHeishui(BlackWater)tribe,eventuallybecametheancestorsoftheJurchens,fromwhomtheManchuoriginated.TheJurchensundertheWanyanclanestablishedtheJinDynasty(literallyGoldenDynasty)thatruledthenorthernhalfofChina(1115–1234)andrivaledtheSongDynastyinsouthernChina.TheJinwereconqueredbytheMongols.Beforetheseventeenthcentury,theancestorsoftheManchusweregenerallyapastoralpeople,hunting,fishingandengaginginlimitedagricultureandpig-farming.Theirtradition——HuntingThesymbol——EightBannersTheManchupeoplehaslargelybeenassimilatedwiththeHanChinese.TheManchulanguageisalmostextinct,nowspokenonlyamongasmallnumberofelderlypeopleinremoteruralareasofnortheasternChinaandafewscholars.Inrecentyears,however,therehasbeenaresurgenceofinterestinManchucultureamongbothethnicManchusandHan.ThenumberofChinesetodaywithsomeManchuancestryisquitelarge,andtheadoptionoffavorablepoliciestowardsethnicminorities(suchaspreferentialuniversityadmission,governmentemploymentopportunitiesandmorethanonechildadmission)hasencouragedsomepeoplewithmixedHanandManchuancestrytore-identifythemselvesasManchu.CulturalAssimilationMandarinCommonLanguage(alsoPutonghua)wasformedwiththehelpofmanchudialect.Iftherewerenomanchudialect,wehaven’tspokenthiskindofputonghuaforsomanyyears!Iftherewerenomanchudialect,thereceivedpronuciationofchinesetodaywouldbelikeJiangsudialect!CommonLanguagewasbasedonthepronuciationofBeijingdialect,andthevocabularyandpronuciationofBeijingdialectwasdeeplyinfluencedbymanchudialect!Sonowyou’llbemoreclearabouthowdoestheword“mandarin”comesfrom？ClothingTheytraditionallycoiledtheirhairinhightuftsontopoftheirheadsandworeearrings,longgowns.Thewomenwithhighersocialstandingworesilkclothingwhilecottonclothingwaswornbywomenoflowersocialstanding.Somecostumes(includingqipaoandmagua,Mandarindress)arestillpopularalloverChina.Theman'sclothingonceconsistedofashortandadjustedjacketoveralonggownwithabeltatthewaisttofacilitatehorse-ridingandhunting.UnliketheHan,theManchudidnotpracticefootbinding.Theoriginalqipaowaswideandloose.Itcoveredmostofthewoman'sbody,revealingonlythehead,hands,andthetipsofthetoes.Themodernversion,whichisnowrecognizedpopularlyinChinaasthestandardqipao,wasfirstdevelopedinShanghaiafter1900,aftertheQingDynastyfell.Nowadays,theydon’thavetheirownethnicclotingbesidesafewremoteareas.Thedresslikehanpeople.Food——ManhanFeastQueen’sbreakfastmenuTablewareTablewareThankyouforyouattention!