OntologicalMetaphors实体隐喻IEntityandsubstancemetaphors实体和物质隐喻•人类和外部的物质世界永远都处于相互依存的关系中,人类不仅需要借助于自己对自身器官的认识和方位的体验去认识世界,而且,人类也需要用熟知的物质世界知识来帮助自己认识自身的思维和情感特征。人类的思维和情感复杂程度远远超出了人类的理解能力,人类对自身的认识总是处于滞后的状态,而语言作为思维的物质外壳更是捉襟见肘,无法满足人类对于自身的认知探索和表达,这时,人类往往借助于对物质世界的体验来认识和表达。•即使事物并不具备明显的分离或粘着的界限,我们依然习惯于把它们进行归类,如,山、川、街角,树篱等。这种看待物理现象的方式可以达到我们认识世界和改造世界的目的,或描述我们的行为方式:给山川定位、街角的邂逅、树篱的修剪等。•正如人体空间方位的认知经验可以产生方位隐喻,我们对物体(特别是我们的身体)的体验提供了及其广泛的实体隐喻基础,即我们可以把对事件、活动、情绪、思想等等看作是实体或物质(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:25)。•实体隐喻要满足的目的各不相同,比如risingprices通过inflation一词被隐喻为各种实体,由此给我们提供了描述不同经验的方式。Inflationisanentity.•Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving.•Ifthere’smuchmoreinflation,we’llneversurvive.•Weneedtocombatinflation.•Inflationisbackingusintoacorner.•Inflationistakingitstoll(抽税)atthecheckoutcounterandthegaspump.•Buyinglandisthebestwayofdealingwithinflation.•Inflationmakesmesick.•当我们把某中抽象的现象、特征、概念等隐喻化为实体时,就像上面的inflation一样,我们就可以对其进行描述、量化、剖析、找出因果关系、确定目标等。Referring:指称•Myfearofinsectsisdrivingmycrazy.•Thatwasabeautifulcatch.•Weareworkingtowardpeace.•ThemiddleclassisapowerfulsilentforceinAmericanpolitics.•Thehonorofourcountryisatstakeinthiswar.Quantifying:量化•Itwilltakealotofpatiencetofinishthisbook.•Thereissomuchhatredintheworld.•DuPondhasalotofpoliticalpowerinDelaware.•You’vegottoomuchhostilityinyou.•Ilovehimsomuch.Gonewiththewind:pp110•WithintwoweeksScarletthadbecomeawife,andwithintwomonthsmoreshewasawidow.Shewassoonreleasedfromthebondsshehadassumedwithsomuchhasteandsolittlethought,butshewasneveragaintoknowthecarelessfreedomofherunmarrieddays.Widowhoodhadcrowdedcloselyontheheelsofmarriagebut,toherdismay,motherhoodsoonfollowed.IdentifyingAspects•Theuglysideofhispersonalitycomesoutunderpressure.•Thebrutalityofwardehumanizesusall.•Ican’tkeepupwiththepaceofmodernlife.•Hisemotionalhealthhasdeterioratedrecently.•WenevergottofeelthethrillofvictoryinVietnam.IdentifyingCauses•Thepressureofhisresponsibilitiescausedhisbreakdown.•Hediditoutofanger.•Ourinfluenceintheworldhasdeclinedbecauseofourlackofmoralfiber.•Internaldissensioncostthemthepennant优胜锦旗.(towinthepennant夺得锦标)Settinggoalsandmotivatingactions•HewenttoNewYorktoseekfameandfortune.•Here’swhatyouhavetodotoinsurefinancialsecurity.•I’mchangingmywayoflifesothatIcanfindtruehappiness.•TheFBIwillactquicklyinthefaceofathreattonationalsecurity.•Shesawgettingmarriedasthesolutiontoherproblems.TheMindisamachine•We’restilltryingtogrindoutthesolutiontothisequation.•Mymindjustis’ntoperatingtoday.•Boy,thewheelsareturningnow!•I’malittlerustytoday.•We’vebeenworkingonthisproblemalldayandnowwe’rerunningoutofsteam.Themindisabritlleobject.•Heregoisveryfragile.•Youhavetohandleherwithcaresinceherhusband’sdeath.•Hebrokeundercross-examination反复讯问.•Sheiscrushedbyherhusband’ssuddendeath.•Theexperienceshatteredhim.•I’mgoingtopieces.•Hismindsnapped.•CathleenwasaswhiteasCadehadbeenthedayScarlettcalled,whiteandhardandbrittle,asifherfacewouldshatterifshespoke(pp414).•Thethoughtofthisstrangeboywhomshehadn’treallywantedtomarrygettingintobedwithher,whenherheartwasbreakingwithanagonyofregretatherhastyactionandtheanguishoflosingAshleyforever,wastoomuchtobeborne.(pp111)•Shehadwreckedhislife,brokenhisprideandself-respect,shatteredthatinnerpeace,thatcalmbasedonintegrity.(pp.793)•“Onlythis.Ihaveadeepandimpersonaladmirationforyourendurance,Scarlett,andIdonotliketoseeyourspiritcrushedbeneathtoomanymillstones.•机器隐喻让我们产生了关于思维的概念:人的思维像机器一样有on-off状态(启动-关闭),效能水平、生产力、整体的机构、能量的源头、运行状态等等;•而脆弱物体的隐喻能让我们谈论或描述我们心理状态的强弱程度。有时两种隐喻可以交叉使用,描述同一种状态:如•Mycarhadbrokendownonmywayhome.•Hebrokedown.(他崩溃了。)•Brian’shadacoupleofmajorcrackupsonhiscar.(布莱恩的车发生了好几次严重的碰撞事故。)•Hecrackedup.(他崩溃了)Containermetaphors•Landareas•人具有社会属性和生理属性,从生理角度来说,我们以人的肌肤的表层为界,去体验我们人体以外的世界。我们每个人都是个容器,以肌肤为外表,分里外两种方位。我们把这种方位认识投射到其他具有类似结构的物体上,我们就可以用里外方位去认识、描述这些物体。房间和房屋当然是个“容器”了。从一间房到另一间,就像从一个容器进入到另一个容器,因此,wemoveoutofonehouseandintoanother.•我们也可以赋予固体物质solidobjects以里外方位,比如Webreakarockopentoseewhat’sinsideit.•我们也可以赋予自然环境里外方位,如•Aclearinginthewoodsisseenashavingaboundingsurface,andwecanviewourselvesasbeingintheclearingoroutoftheclearing,inthewoodsoroutofthewoods.•在外部世界中,只要有某种类似我们人的肌肤一样具有边界(boundary)功能的,比如awall,afence,甚至是一个抽象的一条线或边(plane),我们都可以认为其具有里外之分。这种领域的确定或划定界限实际上是一种量化行为。一旦物质世界有了界限,无论是人、石头、还是土地就都有了大小之分,我们可以通过其容量来量化其大小,比如Kansas是个被行政区划的一个州,它有着自己的边界,因而被看做是一个容器,所以人们会说:“There’salotoflandinKansas.”•物质可以被看成是容器。比如atubofwater。Whenyougetintothetub,yougetintothewater.Tub和water都被看成是容器,tub是containerobject,而water则是containersubstance。Thevisualfield:视野•我们可以将我们的视野概念化为“容器”,把我们所见到的视为“容器里面的东西”。英语术语visualfield的字面本身就可以看出这是个“容器”隐喻。当我们再观察自然界时(土地、山脉、河流等),我们的视线不可能是无限的,只能在无限的自然风景中看到我们眼睛所能看到的那一部分,这样一来,我们的视线自然地给我们所能见到的景观确定了一个边界,这就是我们所说的“thefieldofvision”。如果“容器”的根本特征是有边界的物体,那么,只要是物理空间只要有了“boundedphysicalspace”,这样,隐喻概念“thevisualfieldisacontainer”就自然形成了。这样,我们就可以说:•Theshipiscomingintoview.•Ihavehiminsight.•Ican’tseehim-thetreeisintheway.•He’soutofsightnow.•That’sinthecenterofmyfieldofvision.•There’snothinginsight.•Ican’tgetalloftheshipsinsightatonce.•Theycrossedtheriverandthecarriagemountedthehill.EvenbeforeTwelveOakscameintoviewScarlettsawahazeofs