英语教学法chapter-2-Language-and-language-learning

chapter2LanguageandlanguagelearningLvShenglanDifferentApproachesandMethods•TheGrammar-TranslationMethod语法翻译法•TheDirectMethod直接法•TheAudiolingualMethod听说法•TheAudiovisualMethod视听法或情景法•CommunicativeApproach交际法或功能法•TotalPhysicalResponse全身反应法•CommunityLanguageLearning社区法•TheNaturalApproach自然法•Suggeatopedia暗示法•Counseling-learning问讯法•方法•approach,methodandtechniqueEdwardAnthony’smodel•TheAmericanappliedlinguistEdwardAnthonyputforwardamodelinwhichthethreeconceptsweredistinguishedintheyear1963.EdwardAnthony’smodel•...Anapproach(教学理论)isasetofcorrelativeassumptionsdealingwiththenatureoflanguageteachingandlearning....•CommunicativeApproach•...Amethod(教学方法)isanoverallplanfortheorderlypresentationoflanguagematerial.•DirectMethodGrammar-TranslationMethod•...Atechnique(教学技巧)isimplementational---thatwhichactuallytakesplaceinaclassroom.Itisaparticulartrick,strategem,orcontrivanceusedtoaccomplishanimmediateobjective.•Groupworkquestionandanswerdictation(Anthony1963:63-7)•relationshipofthethreeterms•Approachtheoretical•Method•Techniquepracticalrelationshipofthethreeterms•Thearrangementishierarchical.•Techniquesmustbeconsistentwithamethod,andthereforeinharmonywithanapproachaswell.•(Anthony1963:63-7)ApproachMethod1Method2Method3...MethodologyTechnique1Technique2...Viewsonlanguage•Inthepastcentury,atleastthreedifferenttheoreticalviewsoflanguageandthenatureoflanguageproficiencyexplicitlyorimplicitlyinformcurrentapproachesandmethodsinlanguageteaching,namely,•thestructuralview结构主义理论•thefunctionalview功能主义理论•theinteractionalview.互相作用理论structuralviewstructuralview•structuralview•Viewpoint:•seeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems•thesoundsystem---phonology---phoneme•thediscreteunitsofmeaningproducedbysoundcombination---morphology---morpheme•thesystemofcombiningunitsofmeaningforcommunication---syntax---clauses,phrases,sentences•Content:•tolearnalangaugemeanstolearnthesestructuralitems•Aim:•tounderstandandproducelanguageFunctional-notionalview•Functional-notionalview•Pointofview:•notonlyseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoameansfordoingthings.•Aim:•todothings•Content:•knowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctionFunctional-notionalview•Whydon’tyouclosethedoor?•--arealquestion•--acommand•--acomplaintInteractionalview•Interactionalview•Pointofview:•considerslanguagetobeacommunicativetool•Aim:•tobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople•Content:•toknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguagebutasimportantlytheyneedtoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontexts•videoViewsonlanguage•Q:•What’stherelationshipamongthethreedifferentviewsoflanguage?Viewsonlanguage•Thestructuralviewlimitsknowingalanguagetoknowingitsstructuralrulesandvocabulary.•Thecommunicativeornotional-functionalviewaddstheneedtoknowhowtousetherulesandvocabularytodowhateveronewantstodo.•Theinteractionalviewsaysthattoknowhowtodowhatyouwanttodoinvolvesalsoknowingwhetheritisappropriatetodo,andwhere,whenandhowitisappropriatetodoit.Viewsonlanguagelearning•Alanguagelearningtheoryunderlyinganapproachormethodusuallyanswerstwoquestions:•1)whatarethepsycholinguisticandcognitiveprocessesinvolvedinlanguagelearning?•Process-oriented•2)whataretheconditionsthatneedtobemetinorderfortheselearningprocessestobeactivated?•Condition-oriented•Viewsonlanguagelearning•twokindsoflearningtheoriesofpsychology•---non-cognitivepsychology:•behaviorallearningtheories行为主义心理学•humanisticlearningtheories人文主义心理学•---cognitivepsychology认知心理学Viewsonlanguagelearning•cognitivetheories:•theydescribe,explain,andpredictwhatoccursinthemind•non-cognitivelearningtheories:•theydonottrytoexplainlearningasafunctionofprocessinthemind.Behavioraltheories•JohnB.WatsonIvanPavlovB.F.SkinnerBehavioraltheories•ThebehavioristtheoryoflanguagelearningwasinitiatedbybehavioralpsychologistSkinner,whoappliedWatsonandRaynor’stheoryofconditioningtothewayhumansacquirelanguage.••“youcantrainananimaltodoanythingifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement.”Behavioraltheories•stimulus刺激,•response反应•reinforcement强化•classicalconditioning.Skinner’sBox---operantconditioning•Stimulusiswhatistaughtorpresented.•Responseisthelearner’sreaction•Reinforcementistheextrinsicapprovalandpraiseoftheteacherorfellowstudentsortheintrinsicself-satisfactionoftargetlanguageuse.•StimulusOrganismResponsebehavior•ReinforcementNoreinforcement/Negative•reinforcement•Habit•Languagemasteryisrepresentedasacquiringasetofappropriatelanguagestimulus-responsechains.ImplicationforteachingImplicationforteaching•repetition•reinforcement•Prediction•Behavior-control•teacher-centeredHumanisticlearningtheories•Humanisticlearningtheoriesofpsychologyinvestigatetheeffectofemotionalandinterpersonalbehavioronlearning.•Humanistictheoriesdevelopedinthelate1960sandearly1970swereinresponsetodisconnectwithbehavioralapproaches.Humanisticlearningtheories•Humanisticpsychologyisconcernedwiththedevelopmentofthewholeperson.Accordingtohumanists,schoolsmustbeabletoaccomplishtheirgoals:•deve