Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际

IntercuIturalcommunicationinvolvesinteractionbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Ourgoalinthisclassistoanswersomeofthefollowingquestions:•Whydoweoftenuncomfortablewhenencounteringpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyourself?•Whydopeoplefromdifferentculturesbehaveinwaysthatseemstrangetoyou?•Howdoculturaldifferencesinfluencecommunication?•Whichculturaldifferencesareimportantandwhichareinconsequential?•Whyisitdifficulttounderstandandappreciateculturaldifference?CHAPTER1CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureCHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureChallenge?•Societiesaroundtheglobehavebeeninterwovenintoacomplexfabricofinterdependenteconomic,technological,political,andsocialrelationships.–ThisiscalledGlobalization.–Globalizationhasgreatlyincreasedtheeconomicstrengthofmanynationsandbringpeopletogetherfromdifferentcultures.However,itcouldresultingmorecompetitionfornaturalresources,internationalconflictsandsecurity,environmentalissues,andworldhealthissues.CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureOtherchallenges:•Duetotheworld'sincreasingpopulation,wewillsee...–morepeoplearemovingtodevelopedcountries(shiftingpopulations).Thiscouldbringmorecommunicationissuesinmulticulturalsocieties.•Meanwhile,agingpopulationinmoredevelopedcountries–Couldbringmorecommunicationissuesbetweenoldergenerationsandyoungergenerations(thiscanbetreatedasco-culture).•NoDirectMind-to-MindContact•WecanonlyInfer•Weseektodefinetheworld•Communicationisself-Reflective•TheBrainisanopensystem-welearntocommunicate•CommunicationhasaconsequenceCHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture•DefiningCommunication:it'sadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattemptstosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols.•PrinciplesofCommunication:a)Itisadynamicprocessb)Itissymbolicc)Itiscontextual(situations)d)itisself-reflectivee)welearntocommunicatef)ithasaconsequence•FunctionsofCommunication:a)Gatherinformationaboutotherpeopleb)Fulfillinterpersonalneedsc)Establishespersonalidentitiesd)InfluenceothersDominantCulture•It'stheoneinpower-control.•Controlthemajorinstitutionswithintheculturesuchas:church,gov.,education,military,massmedia,monetarysystems,etc.Co-Cultures•Theyarenumerous.•Distinctanduniquepatternsofcommunicationthattheyhavelearned.•Canbebasedonrace,ethnicbackground,age,sex,orotherfactors.CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture•Welearnourculturethroughproverbs–OfferanimportantsetofinstructionsCHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture•Cultureis–Transmittedfromgenerationtogeneration–Learned–Shared–Basedonsymbols–Dynamic–Anintergratedsystem•Welearnourculturefromfolktales,legends,andmyths.TheEpicofGilgameshWencheng(Sumerian)•Welearnourculturethroughart–Artisasymbolicwayofcommunicating(picstakenfromTheCorningMuseumofGlass)•Welearnedourculturethroughmassmedia•Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration•Cultureisbasedonsymbols•Cultureissubjectedtochange•Cultureisintegrated•CultureisEthnocentric•CultureisadaptiveCHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture•DefiningCulture:it'sasetofhuman-madeobjectivesandsubjectiveelementsthat–increasedtheprobabilityofsurvival–satisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalniche–sharewiththosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherandlivedinthesametimeandplace.•Subjectiveelementsinclude:values,beliefs,attitudes,orientations,andunderlyingassumptionsprevalentamongpeopleinthesociety.•BasicfunctionsofCulture:adapttoaparticularecology,andincludestheknowledgethatpeopleneedtohaveinordertofunctionintheirownsocialenvironment.•Elementsinclude:History,Regligion,Values,Socialorganizations,andLanguage.CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture•Inordertostudycross-culturalcommunication,wemustpayattentiontothefollowing:a)Eachindividualareunique.b)Stereotyping.c)Objectivity.d)CommunicationisnotaCure-all.CHAPTER2TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityCHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofReality•Thedeepstructureofcultureistheunconsciousassumptionsabouthowtheworldoperates.Itmakeseachcultureunique,andexplainshowandwhyofaculture'scollectiveaction.•Atthecoreofanyculture'sdeepstructureareitssocialorganizations(orsocialinstitutions).LessonsaboutlifeandwaysforlivingthatlifeIt'sbasedoncooperation•ThreemostenduringandinfluentialsocialorganizationsthatdealwithdeepstructureissuesareFamilyState(Community)Religion(Worldview)CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofReality•Whydomostseriousconfrontationsandmisunderstandingscanbetracedtoculturaldifferences?DifferentcivilizationshavedifferentviewsontherelationsbetweenGodandman,theindividualgroupandthegroup,thecitizenandthestate,parentsandchildren,husbandandwife,aswellasdifferingviewsoftherelativeimportanceofrightsandresponsibilities,libertyandauthority,equalityandhierarchy.-p.51CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofReality•TheDeepStructureofCulturecontainsthefollowing:Aculture'smostimportantbeliefsHistory(origin)Involvesdeepandemotionalfeeling