语法系列复习专题八-非谓语动词——讲与练Thomas2009/08/08修正非谓语动词非谓语动词(不能作谓语用)包括不定式、分词及动名词。一、动词不定式1.常用形式:一般主动式todo,一般被动式tobedone完成主动式tohavedone,完成被动式tohavebeendone进行式tobedoing不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:1)一般式:表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动作之后,或没有时间限制。例如:Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.(与谓语动作同时)Shehopestogothereagain.(在谓语动作之后)ItisnecessaryandimportanttoreadEnglisheveryday.(无时间限制)Thefactorytomakeradiosisoverthere.(无时间限制)msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.2)完成式:表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:I/Sheseemstohavebeenateacherformanyyears.3)进行式:表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如:ShehappenedtobewritingaletterintheroomwhenIcomein.注:不定式的被动式:名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时,一般用不定式被动式,例如:Whatistobedoneisunknown./Thebridgetobebulitthereisverylong.不定式的否定式nottodo2.语法功能:可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。例如:1)主语:Tomasteraforeignlanguageisveryimportant.2)表语:Myjobistodrivethemtothecompanyeveryday.3)宾语:DoyouwanttovisittheGreatWall?Canyougiveussomeadviceonwhattodonext?4)宾补:Theteacheradvisedustohavearestfirst.Ididn’tnoticethemcomein.注:see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带to,其中letsb.dosth.变为被动式为sb.isletdosth.help(帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to.即helpsb.(to)dosth.5)不定式作定语:作后置定语,位于被修饰词后如:Whowasthefirstonetogettothetopofthehillyesterday?Heisthemantodependon/tobelievein.不定式作定语,与被其修饰的词可构成逻辑上的以下关系:a.动宾关系e.g.Ihavealotofworktodo.b.主谓关系e.g.Heisalwaysthefirsttohelpme.c.其它关系(多为固定搭配)e.g.tellmeawaytosolvetheproblem.6)状语:inordertoA.目的状语:ShereadsChinaDailyeverydaysoastoimproveherEnglish.to注:inorderto可以位于句首或句中,soasto不能位于句首。B.原因状语:主要是“be+形容词+不定式”结构,但这种结构的不定式有时也可视为宾语如:Heiseagertogotocollege./Sheissuretocomehere.C.结果状语:Theylivedtoseetheliberationoftheirhometown.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。△“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”如:Heistooweaktodothework.注:too之前如果有only,onlytoo表“非常”、“很”意,此时不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意。如:Theyareonlytooluckytogoabroadforavisit.他们很幸运去国外访问。另外,too后如果是happy,glad之类形容词时,不定式也表肯定意,eg.Shewastoohappytomeetheroldfriendinthestreet.△在“形容词/副词+enough+不定式”结构中表“足以能…”Eg.Heisstrongenoughtodothework.△onlytodo…表示出乎意料的结果Eg.Wehurriedtotheairport,onlytofindthathehadgone.3.复合结构不定式(for/ofsb.todosth.)可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。forsb.表示的是不定式的逻辑主语,ofsb表示前面的形容词是sb的性质或特征Ithinkitnecessaryforhimtogothereatonce.(复合结构不定式作宾语)Itiskindofyoutohelpme.(相当于Youarekindtohelpme.)4.疑问词+不定式可作主语、表语或宾语Eg.Howtofinishtheworkintimeisaproblem.(主语)Wedon’tknowwhenandwheretogo.(宾语)注意:不定式常常表示动作的将来性(没发生)e.g.TogotoBeijinghasbeenalwaysmydream.(作主语)Thequestiontobesolvedisabouthowtoorganizetheactivity.(定语)Toachievehisgoal,hesparednoeffort.(状语)二、分词1.分词形式:有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式(done),现在分词则有:一般主动式doing,一般被动式beingdone,完成主动式havingdone,完成被动式havingbeendonea.现在分词的一般式doing/beingdone表示分词表示的动词与谓语同时发生或分词动作发生后,谓语动作紧随发生b.现在分词的完成式havingdone/havingbeendone表示分词表示的动作明显先于主句谓语动词的动作c.过去分词done表示动作的被动和完成2.语法功能:在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。3.现在分词和过去分词的区别:1)语态不同:现在分词表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念Eg.themovingfilm动人的电影themovedgirl受感动的姑娘arunningmachine一台转动的机器astolencar一辆被盗的汽车注:关于心理状态动词的-ing形式表主动意,-ed形式表被动意,详见该讲后的专题。2)时间关系上不同:现在分词表正在进行的动作,过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。例如:adevelopingcountry发展中的国家,adevelopedcountry发达的国家4.现在分词的基本用法:1)一般式用法:A.作定语:Thesleepingchildisonlyfiveyearsold.(=Thechildwhoissleepingis…)ThefactorymakingTVsetsisverylarge.(=ThefactorywhichmakesTVsetsisverylarge.)Thewatchbeingrepairedinnotmine(beingrepaired=whichisbeingrepaired)Beingrepaired,thecarcanbeused(=As/Becauseitisbeingrepaired,thecarcan’tberepaired,B.作表语:Thestorysoundsveryinteresting./Thenewsisveryexciting.C.作宾补:学用于see,watch,hear,feel,find,have,keep等动词之后。例如:Wecanseesteamrisingfromthewetclothes./IsawTomcomingtkeepthestudentsdoinghomeworkalloutofthehouse./Donday.注:上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程,而不是正在进行中的动作,而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如:IheardthemsingingintheroomwhenIpassedit.(singing不可改为sing)Doyouoftenhearthemsingintheroom?(sing不可改为singing)havesb.dosth.与havesb.doingsth.的区别:前者have=let,后者have有时表“keep”意,有时表“employ(雇用)”意。如:I’llhavehimgowithme.我将让他和我一块去。I’llhavehimworkinginmycompany.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。thavethemachineworkingalldayDon.不要让机器整天工作。D.作状语:①时间状语:Readingtheletter,Icouldn’tthinkofmyschoollife.②原因状语:Beingill,Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterday.③方式或伴随状语:MarystoodattheschoolgatewaitingforBetty.2)现在分词完成式用法:只能作状语分词表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语用,不能作定语用。主动式:Havingfinishedherhomework,shewenttobed./Nothavingreceivedhisletter,shewrotetohimagain.被动式:Havingbeenpraisedasecondtime,Idecidedtomakestillgreaterprogress.5.过去分词的基本用法:1)作定语:Thestolencarwasfoundbythepolicelastweek.2)作表语:Theglassisbroken./WhenIgottotheclassroom,thedoorwaslocked.3)作宾补:Youmusthaveyourhaircut.4)作状语:Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedonetheworkmuchbetter.6分词使用的几个注意点:I.作状语用的分词,其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事,例如:Standingontopofthetallbuilding,wecouldseethewholecity.(正)Standingontopofthetallbuilding,thewholecitycouldbeseen.(误)Havingfoundthecause,theycontinuedtheexperiment.(正)Havingfoundthecause,theexperimentcontinued.(误)Seenfromthewindow,ourhometownlooksverybeautiful.Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedonetheworkmuchbetter.II.短暂动词(即瞬间动词)的现在分词被动式(beingdone)不可作宾补或定语。例如:Hesawtheoldmanknockeddownbythecar.(knockeddown不可改为beingknockeddown或havingbeenknockeddown)DoyoulikethedictionaryboughtbyZhangMing?(bought不可改为beingbought或havingbeenbought)III.现在分词被动式(beingdone)与过去分词(done)都有被动意,但其用法是有区别的: