非谓语动词讲解

非谓语动词考点总结非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.非谓语动词的句法功能名称语法功能主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√现在分词√√√√过去分词√√√√可充当成分:主语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.没有人称和数的变化，只有时态和语态的变化。逻辑主语有时用“for/of+名词或代词的宾格”一、不定式1）主动语态一般式：todo（与谓语动作同时发生或发生在后）进行式：tobedoing（表示谓语的动作发生时不定式的动作正在进行）完成式：tohavedone（发生在谓语动作之前）完成进行式：tohavebeendoing（发生在谓语动作之前，并且到谓语动作发生时仍在进行）2)被动语态一般式：tobedone（通常表示将来的动作）完成式：tohavebeendone（动作发生在谓语之前）注：动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义eg.Shehasalotoflettertowrite.3)否定形式：not/nevertodo不定式运用口诀本领最多不定式，主、表、宾、补、定和状。样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改，作主宾时用“it”,自己在后把身藏。七个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开；疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；逻辑主语不定式，不定式前forsb.;to前not是否定，各种用法区别开。不定式在七个感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,find,notice,listento,三个使役动词let,have,make等后作宾补时,to要省略1.不定式作主语Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither．注：此时往往放在句子的后面，而用it作形式主语。2.不定式作宾语eg.Youneedn'tbothertocomeyourself.Theyareconsideringwhattodonext.Somewhowerefamousintheirowntimeswouldfinditdifficulttoachievesuccesstoday.常用动词不定式作宾语的动词：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire有些动词后常接“how+todosth”作宾语，eg:discover,explain,findout,wonder3.不定式作表语Whatshewantstodomostnowis(to)travelabroad.Themostimportantthingistotakemeasurestopreventthepollution.主语的内容或性质HeistomarryRose.表按计划要做的事情.4.不定式作定语Ineedapentowritewith.（动宾关系）CharlesLindberghisthefirstmantoflytheAtlanticalone.(主谓关系)Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.（偏正关系）5.不定式作宾语补足语Weoftenhearhersingthesongathome.Myteacheraskedmetogothereontime.Shewasconsideredtohavestolenthemoney.see、watch、notice、hear、listento、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have6.不定式作状语Timsatnearthefiretogetwarm.Theathletespractisedhardtowinthematch.相当于用inorder(not)to，soas(not)to引导的目的状语.1)作目的状语2）作结果状语常用enoughto，sufficient充足to，onlyto，neverto，so+形容词/副词+asto,such+名词…astodo引导。Wouldyoubesokindastostepthisway,please?Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.HeisbraveenoughtogooutaloneatnightI’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.3）作原因状语常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后，eg:glad,happy,sorry,pleased,ready,surprised,disappointed,delighted,shocked,etc.Iamhappytoseeyou.Shewassadtohearthebadnews.不定式的完成式.表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.seem、appear、besaid、besupposed、bebelieved、bethought、beknown、bereported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。I’msorrytokeepyouwaitingforaminute.对不起，请稍等。I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.对不起，让你久等了。二、动名词充当成分:主语宾语表语定语形式：1）主动语态：一般式：doing完成式：havingdone2）被动语态一般式：beingdone完成式：havingbeendone3）否定式在上述形式前加not1.动名词作主语Seeingisbelieving.Playingchessisfun.It'snousewaitinghere.2.动名词作表语Thenurse'sjobislookingafterthepatients.Thenurseislookingafterthepatients.3.动名词作宾语①下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,escape,permit。Doyoumindmyopeningthewindows?②下列动词短语接动名词：leaveoff,putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.devoteto,getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,beworth。IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.4.动名词作定语动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.readingtextasleepingbagawalkingstickrunningwaterdevelopingcountryIamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.Sheregretnothavingstudiedthecomputerhard.Hisbeinglookeddownuponmadehimsick.Ican'treallystandbeingtreatedlikethat.5.动名词的时态和语态三、分词现在分词与过去分词.充当成分:宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.（一）现在分词1.现在分词作状语现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。V-ing形式作状语,可表时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步、伴随或陪衬等含义,相当于一个对应的状语从句所表达的意思.Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.Laughingandtalking,theywentintotheclassroom.（方式）Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.Thoughweighingalmostonehundredjin,theboxwasliftedbyhimwithonehand.Weweresittingbythewindow,talkingaboutwhathappenedyesterday.(伴随）解析1.当v-ing形式作状语时，若它所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，需用havingdone2.v-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主语保持一致；否则必须带有自己的逻辑主语=Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.=Thoughitweighes…注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式havingdone。②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。2.现在分词作定语1.Thepicture_____onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung2．ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures_____inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed3.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt（二）过去分词1.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，用来说明原因、时间、条件等。分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Hergrandfatherbeingill,shehadtostayathomelookingafterhim.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。a、表示时间Seenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.Whenitisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.b、表示条件Keptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.Iftheyarekeptinrefrigerator,thesevegetables