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FeudalEngland(4)Chapter7History———*—LOGOBeginningoftheParliamentTheGreatCharterwassignedin1215,butKingJohnhadnointentiontoabidebyhispromise．Heknewtheonlywayoutforhimwastofight，fortherewasnoroomforcompromise．Hehiredsomemercenarysoldierstostartawar．Buthewasdefeatedandsoonhedied．—*—LOGOHenryIIIEraTheBaronsshowedtheirpowerbydrawinguptheProvisionsofOxford.Henrycapitulated;hewasforcedtoacquiescetothesettingupofaCouncilofFifteen,withhimselfasafirstamongequals.Whenthekinglatertriedtoreasserthisauthority,thebaronsonceagainrebelled.UnderdeMontfort,theycapturedHenry,andsetupdeMontfortastemporaryruler.Hisson，anine-year-oldboy，wasputonthethroneasHenryIII．Aftercomingofage，HenryIIIdesiredtotakeoverthepowerandrulethekingdominhisownway．HenryIII—*—LOGOGreatCounciltoParliamentUptothattime，therehadbeentheGreatCouncilcomposedofnoblesandclergymenexclusively．NowSimonandhissupportersdecidedtomakesomechangesintheorganizationoftheGreatCouncil．In1265,inadditiontothenoblesandprelates，twosimpleknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizensfromeachofthemoreflourishingtownsweresummonedtojointheGreatCouncil.Theywereplainpeoplewithoutnobletitles．TheGreatCouncilthusgotthenewnameParliament．—*—LOGOEdwardHenry'ssonEdwardraisedanarmy.AtthedecisivebattleofEveshamin1265,hedefeateddeMontforttorestoreHenry,whoenjoyedhislastfewyearsinpeace.HewasespeciallygratifiedatthecompletionofWestminsterAbbeyandthereburialoftheremainsofEdwardtheConfessorthere.—*—LOGOTheHundredYears'War(1337~1453)TheHundredYears'WarwasaconflictbetweenFranceandEngland,lasting116yearsfrom1337to1453.ItwasfoughtprimarilyoverclaimsbytheEnglishkingstotheFrenchthroneandwaspunctuatedbyseveralbriefandtwolengthyperiodsofpeacebeforeitfinallyendedintheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFrance.ThetermHundredYears'Warwasalaterhistoricalterminventedbyhistorianstodescribetheseriesofevents.—*—LOGOTheimpactofthiswarPoliticalChangesEconomicChangesSocialChangesDeclineofFeudalism1234—*—LOGOTheimpactofthiswarPoliticalChanges1234DuringtheHundredYears’WarEnglandunderwentimportantpolitical,economicandsocialchanges．Politically,theparliamentdividedintothreeparts：aHouseofCommons,aHouseofLords，andasmallpermanentcouncilwhichlaterbecamethecabinet．—*—LOGOTheimpactofthiswarEconomicChanges1234Ineconomy，Englndbecamemoreamanufacturerofclothandlessamereproducerofrawwool．Bythe15thcenturyEnglandwassupplyingmostofherownneedsandbeginningtoexportclothabroad．—*—LOGOTheimpactofthiswarSocialChanges1234AfterlosingtheirterritoryontheContinent，therulingNormansbegantoregardEnglandastheirhomeandthinkofthemselvesasbelongingtotheEnglishnation．Bytheendofthe14thcentury，theEnglishlanguagewasreestablishedastheofficiallanguageandtheFrenchlanguagewasnolongerusedindailylife．Thedual-linguisticperiodinEnglishhistorycametoanend．—*—LOGOTheimpactofthiswarDeclineofFeudalism1234ThewaralsospedupthedeclineoffeudalisminEngland．Militarily,itsawtheintroductionofnewweaponsandtacticsThefirststandingarmiesinWesternEuropesincethetimeoftheWesternRomanEmpirewereintroducedforthewarFeudalistseparationwasbecomingimpossibleandthiswastotheadvantageofcommercialdevelopment—*—LOGOTheBlackDeath(1348)TheBlackDeath,orBlackPlague,wasoneofthemostdevastatingpandemicsinhumanhistory.ItbeganinSouth-westernorCentralAsiaandspreadtoEuropebythelate1340sandbrokeoutinEnglandinAugust1348.TheBlackDeathkilled1.5millionpeopleoutofanestimatedtotalof4millionpeoplebetween1348and1350.—*—TheWarofRoses(1455~1485)布衣公子@TelissTwoyearsaftertheendingoftheHundredYears’WarwithFrance,Englandwasthrownintoanotherseriesofcivilwars,theWarsoftheRoses．WithKingRichardIIbeingdeposedin1399,thePlantagenetDynastysplitintwolines,theHouseofLancaster,whosebadgewasaredrose,andtheHouseofYork,whosebadgewasawhiterose.Between1399and1461,EnglandwasruledbyKingsfromtheHouseofLancaster(HenryIV,HenryVandHenryVI)TheYorkistsdrewmostoftheirsupportfromtheprogressiveSouth，Thewarwasinformabattlebetweenrivalgangsofnobles.Butinnatureitwasawarbetweenthecommercial-mindedgentryintheSouthandthebackwardlandownersintheNorthandWest．SupportingtheLancastrianswerethenoblesoftheScottishandWelshborders—themostbackwardfeudalelementsinthecountry．In1455，thedukeofYorktriedtodisplacetheLancasterking，HenryVI，andtheWarsoftheRosesbrokeout.LOGOTheWarbetweenbackwardnorthandprogressivesouth—*—LOGOTheEndingoftheMiddleAgesandthebeginningofthemodernworld3TheWarsoftheRoseslastedthirtyyearsandendedin1485withtheaccessionofHenryTudorasHenryVII,thefounderoftheTudorMonarchy．ItisgenerallybelievedthattheendingoftheWarsoftheRosesmarkedtheendingoftheMiddleAgesinEuropeanhistoryandthebeginningofthemodernworldhistory.