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IntroductionPekingoperaisthequintessenceofChina.Itwasformed200yearsagoinBeijing.Therearetwotypesoftune-pattern,ErhuangandXipi.SoPekingoperaisalsocalledPihuang.History•200yearsago,theQianlongemperorinQingdynastyhadainterestinthelocalopera.1790,inordertocelebratehiseightiethbirthday,hesummonedoperatroupes(戏班)fromdifferentplacestoperformforhiminBeijing.FourfamoustroupesfromAnhuiprovincestayedinBeijingafterthecelebration.In1828,AHubeitroupecametoBeijingandoftenperformedtogetherwiththeAnhuitroupes.ThetwotypesofsingingmixedtogetherandgraduallyformedanewtypeknownasBeijingOpera.“同光十三绝”。Tongguangshisanjue同光十三绝是徽班进京后由演唱徽调、昆腔衍变为京剧的十三位奠基人•The13famousactorsmadeasignificantcontributiontomixthetwotypesofsingingtogetherandgraduallyformedanewtypeknownasBeijingOpera.ThereareFourmainrolesinPekingOpera生（sheng）旦（dan）净（jing）丑（chou）生sheng：mainmalerole旦dan：mainfemalerole净jing：paintedfacemale丑chou：clown，maleorfelmale•在人的脸上涂上某种颜色以象征这个人的性格和特质，角色和命运，是京剧的一大特点，可以帮助理解剧情。京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。关于脸谱的来源，一般的说法是来自假面具。RedhasexpressedhisWarriors(勇士)ofstrongtypesoffacialmakeupinoperassuchasGuanYuBlacksaidthetypesoffacialmakeupinoperasmingcriticized(刚烈)people,integrity(正直),braveryandevenreckless(鲁莽),suchasZhangFeiYellowtypesoffacialmakeupinoperasthatviciousbrutality(凶狠残暴),suchasDianWeitypesoffacialmakeupinoperasthatsomeofthefiguresrepresentedirritable(粗豪暴躁),suchasDouAmbassador(窦尔敦、),MaWu(马武)BlueorgreenGeneraltreacherous(奸诈的)courtofficialsaidthetypesoffacialmakeupinoperaswhite,badguys,suchasXujia•说唱脸谱表现手法•Beijingoperacombinesmusic,vocalperformance,mime,danceandacrobatics.Itisacomprehensiveperformingartsincludingsing(唱),read(念)anddo(作),fight(打).“唱”指演唱，“念”指具有音乐性的念白。二者相辅相成，构成歌舞化的京剧表演艺术两大要素之一的“歌”；•“做”指舞蹈化的形体动作，“打”指武打和翻跌的技艺，二者相互结合，构成歌舞化的京剧表演艺术两大要素之一的“舞”。Thelegendofpekingopera•FourfamousDan鼎盛期•1917年以来，京剧优秀演员大量涌现，呈现出流派纷呈的繁盛局面，由成熟期发展到鼎盛期，梅兰芳是其中最成功的京剧艺术家之一。梅兰芳MeiLanfangisgoodatplayingtheroleofwomeninBeijingoperas,called“Dan”.Mei’smasterpieceplaysFarewellMyConcubine(霸王别姬)TheDrunkenConcubine(贵妃醉酒)Re-commandingtheArmy(穆桂英挂帅)ScatteringFlowers(天女散花)EternalRegret(长恨歌)Mei’sstagephotos•霸王别姬JapanAmericaFormerSovietUnion京剧艺术在现代•高雅艺术进校园京剧与现代英语的结合•李玉刚•新贵妃醉酒