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ColonialPeriod:1.AmericanPuritanismitcomesfromtheAmericanpuritans,whowerethefirstimmigrantsmovedtoAmericancontinentinthe17thcentury.Originalsin,predestination（预言）andsalvation（拯救）werethebasicideasofAmericanPuritanism.And,hard-working,piousness（虔诚,尽职），thriftandsobriety（清醒）werepraised.RomanticismPeriod:2.Romanticism:theliteraturetermwasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawayfromtheformalrulesofclassicalwriting.WhenitwasusedinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulated（刺激）thesentimentalemotionsoftheirreaders.Theywroteofthemysteriousoflife,love,birthanddeath.TheRomanticwritersexpressedthemselvesfreelyandwithoutrestraint.Theywroteallkindsofmaterials,poetry,essays,plays,fictions,history,worksoftravel,andbiography.3.Gothictradition(哥特传统):GothicnovelorGothicromanceisastoryofterrorandsuspense,usuallysetinagloomyoldcastleormonastery.Inanextendedsense,manynovelsdonothaveamedievalizedsetting,butwhichshareacomparablysinister,grotesque,orclaustrophobicatmospherehavebeenclassedasGothic.ItcontributedtothenewemotionalclimateofRomanticism.4.Transcendentalism(先验说,超越论):isaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularatConcord,asareactionagainstRationalismandCalvinism(理性主义and喀尔文主义).MainlyitstressedintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.5.Streamofconsciousness（意识流）：Itisoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly。6.AmericanRenaissance:AmericanRenaissancesometimesisgiventoaflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbeforetheCivilWar.ThisrenaissanceisrepresentedbytheworkofRalphWaldoEmerson,H.D.Thoreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman.ItsmajorworksareHawthorne’sTheScarletLetter(《红字》),Melville’sMobyDick(《白鲸》),andWhitman’sLeavesofGrass(《草叶集》).TheAmericanRenaissancemayberegardedasadelayedmanifestationofRomanticism,especiallyinEuropean’sphilosophyofTranscendentalism.7.AmericanEnlightenment美国启蒙运动：Enlightenmentisaphilosophicalmovementofthe18thcenturythatemphasizedtheuseofreasontoscrutinizepreviouslyaccepteddoctrinesandtraditionsandthatbroughtaboutmanyhumanitarianreforms.TheAmericanEnlightenmentisatermsometimesemployedtodescribetheintellectualcultureoftheBritishNorthAmericancoloniesandtheearlyUnitedStates.Itiscommonlydatedfrom1750-1820.AmongtheleadingintellectualfiguresofthisperiodareThomasJeffersonandJamesMadison.8.FreeVerse自由体诗歌:Freeverseisaformofpoetrythatdoesnotuseconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.Itthustendstofollowtherhythmofnaturalspeech.RealismPeriod:9.TheGildedAge:itwascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerintheir1873book.TheGildedAge:ATaleofToday.InAmericanhistory,theGildedAgereferstosubstantialgrowthinpopulationintheUnitedStatesandextravagantdisplaysofwealthandexcessofAmerica’supper-classduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionera,inthelate19thcentury.10.PsychologicalRealism心里现实主义:PsychologicalRealismisagenrewhichplacesmorethantheusualamountofemphasisoninteriorcharacterization,andonthemotives,circumstancesandinternalactionwhichspringsfromanddevelopsexternalaction.Thepsychologicalrealismisnotcontenttostatewhathappensbutgoesontoexplainthemotivationofthisaction.Thistypeofwritingcharacterandcharacterizationaremorethanusuallyimportant,andtheyoftendelvedeeperintothemindofacharacterthannovelsofothergenres.11.LocalColorism:asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananativestoriesoflocalcolorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial(详细的)authenticity(确实性),aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize(使不朽)thedistinctivenatural,socialandlinguisticfeatures.Itischaracteristicofvernacular(本国语)languageandsatirical(讽刺的)humor12.AmericanRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience13.Naturalism:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavals（剧变）thatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbru