美国文学课件(大学版本)NO.2

AmericanCivilWarPartIV:TheLiteratureofRealism•Q1:DoyouknowwhatistheanothernameofAmericanCivilWar？•Thewarbetweenthenorthandthesouth.•Q2:WhydidtheCivilWarbreakoutbetweenthenorthandthesouth？•WhichregimediditestablishaftertheWarofIndependence？•Federalregime（联邦政权）•thecombinedregimebetweenthenorthcapitalistclasses（北方资产阶级）andthesouthslaveryplantationowners(南方奴隶制种植园主)(inordertodefeatBritain)•Butafterindependence,thefederalregimewasownedbysouthplantationownersforalongtime.Sothepeopleandnorthcapitalistclassesopposedthem.•Inthefirsthalfof19thcentury,thecontradictionsbetweennorthandsouthweremoreandmoreintensefollowingtheterritorialexpansionandtheeconomicdevelopment.•AntislaveryMovement(废奴运动).•AbrahamLincolnwaselectedasPresidentinNov,1860.•Therearesomeoriginaldocuments.•‘“分裂之家不能持久’。我相信我们的政府不能永远忍受一半奴役一半自由的状况。我不期望联邦解散，我不期望房子崩渍，但我的确期望它停止分裂。它或者将全部变成一种东西，或者全部变成另一种东西。”“依我看，只有一种妥协的方法能真正解决奴隶制的问题，那就是不许奴隶制扩展到更多的领土去。”“没有流血的必要。”•Lincoln’sviews:•1.Defendfederalunity2.Abolishtheslavery4.1HistoricalIntroduction(1)TheCivilWar(1861–1865)•1860AbrahamLincolnsupportstheabolishmentofslavery•1865Southernarmysurrendered(2)Industrialization•Americaneconomydevelopedveryfast.(3)FurtherWestwardExpansion•peoplebecamemorepracticaltofacedailylife•美国熔炉在很大程度上是在美国西部开发进程中逐渐形成的。因为西部有着无数的机会，所以它吸引着越来越多的人移居这里。•Inthe1820sindustrialrevolutiontookplaceintheU.S.A.•Inthe1860s.theAmericanindustrybecamethefourthintheworld.•TheslaveownersintheSouthernstates,whowantedtokeepslavery,hinderedthedevelopmentofthecapitalisteconomy.•Extremeofwealthandpovertyappeared.Moneyconcentratedintoasmallgroupofpeoplewhilethemassesstruggledforsurvival.•Goldenage?•Gildedage?•1873年，马克·吐温出版小说《镀金时代》。那阵子，工业与商业的巨大发展给美国带来了巨大财富，也造就了卡内基、摩根、洛克菲勒等一大批富翁，他们开始穿华贵的貂皮大衣，戴金光闪闪的首饰，甚至墙壁、地板、天花板、桌子也要镀金，在肆意的奢侈中展示财富实力、寻找高人一等的感觉。如今的中国，开始了一个自己的“镀金时代”。•TheGildedAgegetsitsnamefromthemanygreatfortunescreatedduringthisperiodandthewayoflifethiswealthsupported.•之所以把這个时代称为镀金时代，是因为有许多人在這个時期里成为巨富，也因为富有，而过着金色的生活。“TheGildedAge”Anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.这是一个没有节制、充满极端的年代，一个倒退与进步共生的年代，一个贫穷和富有共存的年代，一个郁闷和希望并举的年代。Page5-6•RealismhadoriginatedinFranceasréalisme,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”inthedepictionofordinarylife.(P6)•TheysoughttoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywas,insistingthattheordinaryandthelocalweresuitableforartisticportrayal…(P5)LiteraryFeaturesA.areactionagainstRomanticismandpavedthewaytoModernism.B.commonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeople,andemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumanexperience.C.vividdescriptionofdetailsfromobservationofactuallifeD.tryingtoholdanobjectiveviewofhumannatureandsocietyE.PeoplesoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtleties(阴险)ofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbad.4.2WaltWhitman(沃尔特·惠特曼)1819-1892•“LeavesofGrass”《草叶集》•themostinfluentialpoetoftheUnitedStates.(Page9)WhitmanwasoneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature.Inthebookofpoemshecalled“LeavesofGrass”,hegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem.Thepoeticstylehedevisedisnowcalledfreeverse(自由体).Freeverse:poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme•“freeverse”(noconventionalrhymeandmeter)withtwocharacteristics:parallelism;phoneticrecurrenceLeavesofGrass•Famouspoems:“SongofMyself”“O!Captain!MyCaptain!”“IHearAmericaSinging”•Nineeditionsandlasteditionincludesmorethan400poems“LeavesofGrass”•Thepoem,anAmericanepic,isafineexampleofWhitman'sdistinctivephilosophyofnatureandtheindividual,ideasbasedinpartonthewritingsofRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau.Themeof“LeavesofGrass”•Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrasssingofthe“en-masse”andtheselfaswell.Whitmanextolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.Themeof“LeavesofGrass”•InWaltWhitman’smasterpiece“LeavesofGrass”,hepraisedtheideasofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratedthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.•他在他的代表作《草中集》中歌颂了平等，民主的思想，赞美了尊严，自立精神和普通百姓的快乐。SymbolicMeaningofGrass•Grass,acentralsymbolofthisepicpoem,suggeststhedivinity（神性）ofcommonthings.Thenatureandsignificanceofgrassunfoldthethemesofdeathandimmortality,forgrassissymbolicoftheongoingcycleoflifepresentinnature,whichassureseachmanofhisimmortality.•Natureisanemblem（象征）ofGod,forGod’seternalpresenceinitisevidenteverywhere.Grassisthekeytothesecretsofman’srelationshipwiththeDivine.Itindicatesthat,GodiseverythingandeverythingisGod.AnalysisofSongofMyselfKindsof“Self”•ToWhitman,theselfisbothindividualanduniversal.Manhasanindividualself,whereastheworld,orcosmos,hasauniversalorcosmicself.•Thepoetwishestomaintaintheidentityofhisindividualself,andyethedesirestomergeitwiththeuniversalself,whichinvolvestheidentificationofthepoet’sselfwithmankindandthemysticalunionofthepoetwithGod,theAbsoluteSelf.Themeof“SongofMyself”Therearethreeimportantthemes:theideaoftheself,theidentificationoftheselfwithotherselves,thepoet’srelationshipwiththeele