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1.AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义)①RomanticismreferstoanartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightenedinterestinnature,emphasisontheindividual’sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism,andrebellionagainstestablishedsocialrulesandconventions.②TheromanticperiodinAmericanliteraturestretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilwar.③Irving,WhitmanandThoreauaretherepresentatives.Background(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment(2)RomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesDerivative–foreigninfluencefeatures(1)Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.(2)ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.(3)The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.(4)Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.浪漫主义两大主题：爱和大自然的力量ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticism：---TheyoungRepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.---TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.---ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.---TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasasourceofcorruption.2.Transcendentalism(超验主义、先验主义):Itwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,cultureandphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandinthemiddle19thcentury.Itbeganasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsociety.Amongtranscendentalist’scorebeliefswasanidealspiritualstatethat“transcends”thephysicalandempirical(以观察或实验为依据的)andisonlyrealizedthroughtheindividual’sintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligions.ProminenttranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmerson（爱默生）,HenryDavidThoreau（梭罗）,WaltWhitman（惠特曼）,etc.Itisakindofphilosophythatstressesbeliefintranscendentalthingsandtheimportanceofspiritualratherthanmaterialexistence.（相信超凡的事物，认为精神存在比物质存在更重要).AmericanTranscendentalism(美国超验主义)①TranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureinthe19thcentury,whichflourishedfromabout1835to1860.②TranscendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOversoul,theindividualandnature.Specifically,theystressedintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.③ThemostimportantrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau.RalphWaldoEmerson①RalphWaldoEmersonwasanAmericanessayist,philosopherandpoet,bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid19thcentury.②HeexpressedthephilosophyofTranscendentalisminhis1836essay,Nature.③Besides,hisTheAmericanScholarwasconsideredtobeAmerican’s“IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence”.Oversoul①Itisanall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeofwhichallthingsareapart.②ItisakeydoctrineforTranscendentalists.Self-reliance①Self-relianceisanessaywrittenbyAmericanTranscendentalistphilosopherRalphWaldoEmerson.②Itcontainsthemostsolidstatementofoneofhisrepeatingthemes,theneedforeachindividualtoavoidconformityandfalseconsistency,andfollowhisorherowninstinctsandideas.③Theseideasareconsideredareactiontoacommercialidentify.Emersoncallsforareturntoindividualidentity.Individualism(个人主义)①Individualismisamoral,political,andsocialphilosophy,whichemphasizesindividualliberty,theprimaryimportanceoftheindividual,andthe“virtuesofself-reliance”.②Itisthusdirectlyopposedtocollectivism,socialpsychologyandsociology,whichconsidertheindividual’srapporttothesocietyorcommunity.③Itisoftenconfusedwith“egoism”,butanindividualistneednotbeanegoist.Walden①ItisoneoftheAmericanclassicswrittenbyHenryDavidThoreau.②ItrecordshisexperimentinlivingatWaldenpond,hissympatheticunderstandingofnature,hismeditationonthemeaningsoflifeandhissocialcriticism.③ComparedwithEmerson’sNature,itismoreradicalandsocial-minded.3.Freeverse(自由体诗歌)①Freeverseisageneraltermreferringtothemodernformofversewithnofixedfoot,rhythmorrimeschemes.②ItwasfirstwrittenandlabeledbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.③FreeversehasbeencharacteristicoftheworkofmanyAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman,EzraPoundandCarlSandburg.“TheSongofMyself”①ItisthebestknownpoeminLeavesofGrassbyWaltWhitman.②Itisacelebrationoftheindividualaswellasthecommonpeople.4.AmericanRealism（美国现实主义）①Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenpreferredtoastheageofRealism.②Itwasaliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”inthedepictionofordinarylife.Itis,inliterature,anapproachthatattemptstodescribelifewithoutidealizationorromanticsubjectivity.③ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowell