30语用学―合作原则

LanguageinUse——语用学：合作原则马靖香[e-mail]:123ViolationofCPExercisesandHomeworkTheCooperativePrincipleMeaningsof“Meaning”“含义”的含义是什么呢？Discussion:Warming-upQuestionConceptualmeaning---associativemeaningLiteralmeaning----pragmaticmeaningConnotativemeaning---denotativemeaningYes!Therearealotofmeanings.But,whatdoyoumeannow?TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)1.CP的提出：byHerbertPaulGrice,1975,“LogicandConversation”TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Grice(1975):在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是语言合作的结果。TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)2.ContentsofCP(合作原则的内容)Quality质Quantity量Relation相关Manner方式TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Quantity量不多说，也不少说。TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Quality质说真话TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Berelevant.话题要相关。Relation相关说话要相关，贴切。TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Beperspicuous,andspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩2)avoidambiguity.避免歧义3)bebrief.简单明了4)beorderly.井井有条Manner方式Inshort:Sub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.Thatis:Humanbeingstrytospeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation.说话者试图真诚地、贴切地、清楚地表达足够的信息，交流才得以顺利进行。But:Theviewmaydescribeaphilosopher’sparadise,butnooneactuallyspeakslikethatthewholetime.但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)1.A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯郸的南边。)ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)2.A:WhereisJohn?(约翰在哪呢？)B:He’sgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhenheleft.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)3.Boysareboys！男孩毕竟是男孩！4.Wariswar.战争就是战争。ViolationofCPViolationofQuality(质的违反)1.Sheismadeofiron.她是铁娘子。2.“用了xx产品，今年20，明年18。”3.“皇上万岁万岁万万岁！”ViolationofCPViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)(一个宴会上)1.A:Youknow?ProfessorLi’swifeisabald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isn’tit?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)ViolationofCPViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)2.A:How’shertermpaper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!(她书法不错！)ViolationofCPViolationofManner(方式的违反)1.theneedy(需要者)----thepoor(穷人)2.Indifficulties(有困难)-----indebt(负债)3.todie(死)----topassaway(离开了)togotoanotherworld(去了另一个世界)Exercises（练习1）Internetlanguage（网络语言）顶！！Supporting!Exercises（练习2）Internetlanguage（网络语言）哥哥&美眉（妹妹）Exercises（练习3）A:哪？B:家。A:See电视？B:写读书报告。A:可怜！同情ingExercises（练习4）小时候梦想成为一名政治家，不是politician，而是statesman；稍大点，又想成为商人，成功的那种如今呢？我只想过房子，牛奶和面包都有的日子嘎嘎娃哈哈…我沦陷了#$@#$％＆Exercises（练习5）包子铺广告：“无所不包”锁店广告：“天下无贼”ViolationofCPoccurs,whatfollows?ViolationofCPoccurs,whatfollows?Implicature(会话含义，言外之意)Exercises（练习5）包子铺广告：“无所不包”锁店广告：“天下无贼”Boy(男):You’rebeautifulwithoutwearingtheglasses.你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。Boy(男):You’rebeautifulwithoutwearingtheglasses.你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。Girl(女)：YoumeanI’mnotbeautifulwhenIwearglasses?你的意思是说我戴眼镜的时候不漂亮了？Conclusion（总结）1)CPisthebasicprincipleofhumanbeings’communication.However,itdoesnotmeanCPwillbefollowedbyeverybodyallthetime.2)WhenCPisviolated,usually,aspecialimplicaturearises.Thedefinitionofconversationalimplicature•Conversationalimplicaturemeanstheadditional,unstatedmeaning,thatis,whataspeakercanimply,suggest,ormeanmorethanwhatissaid,asdistinctfromwhatthespeakerliterallysays.•Theword“implicature”iscreatedbyGrice,anAmericanphilosopher.Featuresofconversationalimplicature•1.cancellabilityordefeasibility(可被撤消,可被废弃)•Conversationalimplicaturecanbecancellableormoreexactlydefeasible•Aninferenceisdefeasibleifitispossibletocancelitbyaddingsomeadditionalpremisestotheoriginalones.Anexample•A:DearSir,•Mr.X’scommandofEnglishisexcellentandhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular,yours,etc.(violationofquantity)•DearSir,•Mr.X’scommandofEnglishisexcellentandhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular.However,hisabilityatandenthusiasmforphilosophyarequiteadequateforthejob.Featuresofconversationalimplicature•2.Nondetachability（不可分离性）•Theycanbenon-detachable.•BythisGricemeansthattheimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottolinguisticform,andthereforeimplicaturescannotbedetachedfromanutterancesimplybychangingthewordsoftheutteranceforsynonyms.不可分离性会话含义是依附于话语的语义内容，而不是语言形式。因此，我们能用同义成分来替换话语的某一部分，而不改变原来的含义。例如（讽刺口吻）1.John’sagenius.2.Johnisamentalprodigy.(智力奇才)3.Johnisanexceptionallycleverhumanbeing.4.John’sabigbrain.5.John’sanidiot.Featuresofconversationalimplicature•3.Calculability（可推导性）•Thelistenercanconcludethecorrespondingconversationalimplicaturefromtheliteralmeaningofthewords,therulesofthecooperativeprincipleandthecontext.•Icaneatmore.(theamountoffoodIcantakecanbemeasuredinquantity.)Featuresofconversationalimplicature•4.Non-conventionality（非规约性）•Implicaturesarenon-conventional,thatis,notpartoftheconventionalmeaningoflinguisticexpressions.•It’scoldoutside.•(statementofweather;advicetoputonmoreclothes,orrefusaltogoout)H