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1IntelligentparkingsystemAbstractThebasicconceptsoftheparkingreservationsystemandparkingrevenuemanagementsystemarediscussedinthispaper.Theproposedintelligent’’parkingspaceinventorycontrolsystemthatisbasedonacombinationoffuzzylogicandintegerprogrammingtechniquesmakes‘‘online’’decisionswhethertoacceptorrejectanewdriver'srequestforparking.Inthefirststepoftheproposedmodel,thebestparkingstrategiesaredevelopedformanydifferentpatternsofvehiclearrivals.Theseparkingstrategiesaredevelopedusingintegerprogrammingapproach.Inthesecondstep,learn-ingfromthebeststrategies,specificrulesaredefined.Theuniquenessoftheproposedapproachisthattherulesarederivedfromthesetofchosenexamplesassumingthatthefuturetrafficarrivalpatternsareknown.Theresultswerefoundtobeclosetothebestsolutionassumingthatthefuturearrivalpatternisknown.Keywords:Traffic;Uncertaintymodeling;Control;Parking;Fuzzylogic1.IntroductionEverydayasignificantpercentageofdriversinsingle-occupancyvehiclessearchforaparkingspace.Additionally,lessexperienceddriversorout-of-townersfurthercontributetotheincreaseoftrafficcongestion.Searchforavacantparkingspaceisatypicalexampleofasearchprocess.Everyparkingsearchstrategyiscomposedofasetofvaguerules.Itisusuallydifficulttodescribetheserulesexplicitly.Thetypeoftheplannedactivity,timeofaday,dayoftheweek,currentcongestiononparticularroutes,knowledgeofcitystreets,andpotentiallyavailableparkingplaceshavesignficantinfluenceonachosenparkingsearchstrategy.Duringthelastfourdecadesnumerous2parkingsearchmodelshavebeendeveloped(VanderGoot,1982;AxhausenandPolak,1991;PolakandAxhausen,1990;Youngetal.,1991a,b;saltzman,1997;Shoup,1997;Steiner,1998;ThompsonandRichardson,1998;ArnottandRowse,1999;TamandLam,2000;Wongetal.,2000;Watersonetal.,2001).Inmanydecision-makingsituationsintransportation(modalsplit,choiceofaircarrier,choiceofairport,etc.)thecompetitivealternativesandtheircharacteristicsarereasonablywellknowninadvancetothedecisionmaker(passenger,driver).Ontheotherhand,thedriversusuallydiscoverdiffierentparkingalternativesonebyoneinatemporalsequence.Clearly,thistemporalsequencehasaverystronginfluenceonthedriver'sfinaldecisionabouttheparkingplace.Duringthepasttwodecades,trafficauthoritiesinmanycities(Helsinki,Cologne,Mainz,Stuttgart,Wiesbaden,Aalborg,Hague)havestartedtoinformandguidedriverstoparkingfacilitieswithreal-timevar-iablemessagesigns[directionalarrows,namesoftheparkingfacilities,status(full,notfull,numberofavailableparkingspaces,etc.)].Informationaboutthenumberofavailableparkingspacescouldbedisplayedonthemajorroads,streetsandintersections,oritcouldbedistributedthroughtheInternet.Itislogicaltoaskthequestionaboutthebenefitsoftheparkingguidancesystems.Currentpracticeshowsthatparkingguidancesystemsusuallydonotchangetheoccupancyrateoraverageparkingduration.Driverseasilybecomefamiliarwiththeparkingguidancesystems,andmajorityofthemuse,thrustandappreciatethehelpofthesystems.Guidancesystemssignificantlyincreasetheprobabilityoffindingvacantparkingspace,mitigatefrustrationofthedrivers–visitorsunfamiliarwiththecitycenter,decreasethequeuesinfrontofparkinggarages,decreasethetotalamountofvehicle-milestraveled(particularlyinthecitycenters),decreasetheaveragetriptime,energyconsumption,and3airpollution.Parkingguidancesystemisapartofcomprehensiveparkingpolicyandtrafficmanagementsystem,whoseotherelementsarestreetparkingcontrol(includingsanctionsfortheillegallyparkedvehicles),parkingfarestructure,andparkingrevenuemanagementsystem.Parkingguidancesystemshelpdriverstofindvacantparkingspaceswhentheyarealreadyonthenetwork,andapproachingtheirfinaldestination.Throughoutthisresearchtheconceptsoftheparkingreservationsystemandparkingrevenuemanagementsystemareproposed.Suchsystemswouldhelpdriverstofindavacantparkingspaceevenbeforebeginningtheirtrip.Theproposed“intelligent”parkingspaceinventorycontrolsystemthatisbasedonthecombinationofsimulation,optimizationtechniques,andfuzzylogicmakes“real-time”decisionsastowhethertorejectoracceptanewrequestforparking.Theproposedmethodologycouldbeappliedforparkinglotsandparkinggaragesincitiesandatthebiginternationalairports.Thepaperisorganizedasfollows:Parking-pricingproblemsarepresentedinSection2.AnalogiesbetweenparkingproblemsandsomeotherindustriesarepresentedinSection3.TheparkingrevenuemanagementsystemisintroducedinSection4,andtheIntelligentparkingspaceinventorycontrolsystemisintroducedinSection5.ThealgorithmtocreateintelligentparkingspacesinventorycontrolsystemispresentedinSection6.Resultsobtainedwiththe“intelligent”parkingsystemaregiveninSection7,andSec-tion8presentstheconcludingremarksandfurtherresearchorientations.2.parkingpricingInmajorityofcitiesthroughouttheworlddriverspayforusingdifferentparkingfacilities.Insomeinstances,trafficcongestioncanbesignificantlyreducedasaresultofparkingprice.Theparkingrevenueisusuallyusedtocoverparkingfacilitycosts(accessgates,ticket4printers,parkingmeters,parkingsigns,attendants),ortoimprovesomeothertrafficandtransportationactivities.Differentparkingpricingstrategiesshouldbeapartofthecomprehensivesolutionappr