1.Todiscussthedifferencesbetweenthecivillawsystemandthecommonlawsystem.(P4)Therearemanydifferencesbetweencivillawsystemandcommonlawsystem.ⅠTheoriginalplacesaredifferent.ThecivillawsystemoriginatedinancientRome,andthecommonlawsystemoriginatedinEngland.起源地不同,民法起源于古罗马,普通法起源于英格兰ⅡThemaintraditionalsourceofthecommonlawiscases,whilethemaintraditionalsourceofthecivillawislegislation.Thustherearemanycodesincivillawcountriesinsteadofunwrittenlawsincommonlawsystem.普通法的主要传统渊源是案例法,民法的主要传统渊源是成文法。因此民法国家用许多成文法典取代普通法国家的不成文法ⅢThecivillawsystempaysmoreattentiontosubstantivelaw;thecommonlawsystempaysmoreattentiontoproceduralrules.民法法系更多关注实体法,普通法更关注程序规则ⅣTheclassificationoflawisdifferent.Thecivillawisseparatedintopubliclawandprivatelaw,thecommonlawisseparatedintocommonlawandequity.法的分类不同,民法法系分为公法和私法,普通法法系分为普通法和衡平法ⅤTheroleofjudgesandprofessorsisanotherdifference.Sincetheoryanddoctrinesisimportantinlegaleducationofcivillawsystem,professorplaystheimportantroletoexposelawstostudents.Inthecontrary,case-lawisthemainsourceofcommonlaw,thusthejudgeshasthediscretiontomakelawswhiletrialingcases.法官和学者的作用不同,因为理论和学说在民法法系中的重要性,学者在教授学生法律时十分重要。相反的,案例法是普通法法系的主要渊源,因此法官在审理案件时有造法的自由裁量权ⅥThecivilprocedure:Adversarysystem(对抗式诉讼)ofcommonlawsystemneedsthepartiestoshowthecasethejuryorthejudges.Andthejudgesneedtobeneutralandimpartial.Inquisitorialsystem(纠问式诉讼)incivillawcountriesgivethejudgesthepowertoinvestigatethecaseduringthetrailandalsocanaskthepartiesandthewitnesses.民事诉讼程序:普通法法系的对抗式需要双方把案件展示给法官或陪审团。法官应该中立和公正。民法法系的纠问式诉讼给予法官在审理过程中调查案件的权力,也可以讯问双方当事人和证人。2TodiscussthemainfeaturesoftheAmericancourtsystem(P17-19)Therearefifty-twocourtsystemsintheU.S.----eachofthefiftystateshasitsownsystemofcourts,onefortheDistrictofColumbiaandafederalsystem.Theyareindependentsystemsofcourt.美国存在52个法院系统,每一个州都有自己的法院系统,还有一个是哥伦比亚特区的和一个联邦法院系统。它们都是独立的法院系统。Inthestatecourtsystems,courtstructuresandcourtnomenclaturevaryfromstatetostate.Butallthestatecourtsystemsexhibitahierarchicalstructure,inwhichthedecisionsoflowercourtsmaybetakenforreviewtoahighercourt.Typicallyastatesystemwillincludeseveraltiersofcourt:在州法院系统中,法院的结构和名称各不相同。但所有的州法院系统都是一种层级结构,低级法院的判决可能被高级法院所推翻,但型的州法院系统通常包括以下几个层级:1)Trialcourtsofinferiorjurisdiction2)trialcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction3)appellatecourts下级管辖权的初审法院普遍管辖权的初审法院上诉法院Thetrialcourtsofinferiorjurisdictionhearcivilsuitsinvolvingrelativelysmallamountsofmoneyandminorviolationsofthecriminallaw.Whilethetrialcourtsofgeneraljurisdictioncanhearallkindsofcases,withoutmonetaryorsubjectmatterlimitation.下级管辖权的初审法院审理标的额相对小的民事案件和轻微的刑事违法案件。普遍管辖权的初审法院审理各种类型的案件,没有数额或标的的限制。Everycaseshouldfirstbeheardatthetrialcourt.Thenthepartywholosesatthetrialcourtstagehasarighttoappealcasetotheappellatecourt.Everystatehasitscourtoflastresort,theappellatecourtwhichmakesthefinaldecision(subjecttooccasionalreviewon―federalquestions‖bytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates)ofwhatthelawisandshouldbe.Moststateshavecreatedintermediateappellatecourts,empoweredtofinallydisposeofthebulkofappellatecases.每个案件都应该先在初审法院审理,输掉的一方有权将案件上诉到上诉法院,每个州都有它的终审法院,受理上诉的法院会作出最终的裁决(受制于美国最高法院作出的关于联邦问题的临时性的判决对法律的解释)大多数州都有中级上诉法院,有权最终处理大多数经上诉法院审理的案子。Thestructureofthefederaljudicialsystemissimilartowhatisfoundinthevariousstates.Therearethreelevelsofcourts:(1)U.S.districtcourts(trialcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction)andvariouscourtsoflimitedjurisdiction(2)U.S.courtsofappeals(intermediatecourtsofappeals),and(3)theUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.Notliketheothercourtsinfederaljudicialsystemswhicharecreatedbycongress,theSupremeCourtiscreatedbyConstitution.Thereareafewspecializedfederalcourts(e.g.,theclaimscourtsorthetaxcourt)whichoperatelikeDistrictcourtintheirspecializedjurisdiction.联邦法院的结构类似于各州的结构,分为三层:有普遍管辖权的联邦地区法院,和有各种有限管辖权的法院联邦上诉法院(中级上诉法院)和美国最高法院。不像联邦司法系统的由国会产生的其他法院,最高法院由宪法产生。还有一些联邦专门法院,比如索赔法院和税务法院,运作类似于联邦地区法院,只是拥有专门管辖权。3.TodiscussthemainfeaturesoftheAmericancourtsystemTherearefifty-twocourtsystemsintheU.S.eachstatehasitsownsystemofcourts,onefortheDistrictofColumbiaandafederalsystem.Inthestatecourtsystems,courtstructuresvaryfromstatetostate.Buttheyallexhibitahierarchicalstructure;decisionsoflowercourtsmaybereviewedbyhighercourts.Astatesystemincludes:1)Trialcourtsofinferiorjurisdiction2)trialcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction3)appellatecourtsThetrialcourtsofinferiorjurisdictionhearcivillitigationsinvolvingsmallamountsofmoneyandminorviolationsofthecriminallaw.Whilethetrialcourtsofgeneraljurisdictioncanhearallkindsofcases.Everycaseshouldfirstbeheardatthetrialcourt.Thenitcanbeappealedtotheappellatecourt.Everystatehasitscourtoflastresort.Thestructureofthefederalsystemissimilar.Therearethreelevelsofcourts:(1)U.S.districtcourts(2)U.S.courtsofappeals(3)theUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.Notliketheothercourtsinfederalsystemswhicharecreatedbycongress,theSupremeCourtiscreatedbyConstitution.Thereareafewspecializedfederalcourts翻译:请简述美国法庭系统的特点美国的52个州都有其自己的法院系统。州与州之间法院结构和法院的名称也各不相同,但是所有州的法院体制都表现出所谓的层级结构,也就是一种组织方式的不同——低一级法院做出的判决可以在更高一级审判组织重新审查。学生阅读的案例书中90%或者更多的州法院案例是上诉案件的判决,但是所有这些上诉案件在到达州最高法院之前都经过了初审阶段,也许还经过中级上诉法院阶段。1具有有限管辖权的初审法院2具有普遍管辖权的初审法院3上诉法院每个州都有自己的初级或低级法院,它的管辖权限定在涉及小数额金钱争议