测控技术与仪器专业英语unit 3

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1Unit3SmartSensors2Unit3SmartSensorsUnit3SmartSensors3IntroductionJustabouteverythingtodayinthetechnologyareaisacandidate(申请求职者,候选人;报考者)forhavingtheprefix(前缀)smartaddedtoit.Thetermsmartsensorwascoinedinthemid-1980s,andsincethenseveraldeviceshavebeencalledsmartsensors.译为:在今天几乎一切的技术领域都将智能一词作为其前缀的候选。智能传感器这一术语是在20世纪80年代中期出现的,从那以后,一些设备已被称之为智能传感器。Unit3SmartSensors4Theintelligencerequiredbysuchdevicesisavailablefrommicrocontrollerunit(MCU),digitalsignalprocessor(DSP),andapplication-specificintegratedcircuit(ASIC)technologiesdevelopedbyseveralsemiconductormanufacturers.句中microcontrollerunit(MCU)意为“微控制器单元”,digitalsignalprocessor(DSP)意为“数字信号处理器”,application-specificintegratedcircuit(ASIC)意为“特殊应用集成电路”。全句译为:这些设备所具有的智能源于半导体生产厂家开发的微控制器(MCU)、数字信号处理器(DSP)和特殊应用集成电路(ASIC)技术。Unit3SmartSensors5Someofthosesamesemiconductormanufacturersareactivelyworkingonsmartersilicondevicesfortheinputandoutputsidesofthecontrolsystemaswell.Thetermmicroelectromechanicalsystem(MEMS)(微机电系统)isusedtodescribeastructurecreatedwithsemiconductormanufacturingprocessesforsensorsandactuators.译为:一些半导体制造商正在积极的进行控制系统的输入和输出两个方面的智能装置的研究。微机电系统(MEMS)这个术语用来描述对传感器和加载器用半导体制造工艺建立的结构。Unit3SmartSensors6Beforetheavailabilityofmicroelectronics,thesensorsortransducersusedtomeasurephysicalquantities,suchastemperature,pressure,andflow,usuallywerecoupled(连接,联结,联系)directlytoareadoutdevice,typicallyameterthatwasreadbyanobserver.译为:应用微电子技术之前,传感器或转换器用于测量物理量,如温度,压力,流量,通常直接与读数装置相连,通常一个仪表有一个观察员读数。Unit3SmartSensors7Thetransducerconvertedthephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredtoadisplacement.Theobserverinitiatedsystemcorrectionstochangethereadingclosertoadesiredvalue.ThetypicalblocksofameasurementsystemareshowninFigure3.1.译为:该转换器将测量的物理量进行转换。观察员对系统进行修正以使结果接近理想值。典型的测量系统的组成框图如图3.1所示。Figure3.1GeneralsensingsystemUnit3SmartSensors8Manyhomethermostats(恒温(调节)器),tirepressuregauges(轮胎气压表),andfactoryflowmetersstilloperateinthesamemanner.译为:许多家用自动调温器,轮胎压力表和工厂流量计也以同样的方式运作。However,theadventofmicroprocessortechnologyinitiatedtherequirementforsensorstohaveanelectricaloutputthatcouldbemorereadilyinterfacedtoprovideunattendedmeasurementandcontrol.句中,that从句作output的定语从句。全句译为:然而,微处理器技术的出现使得传感器必须要有电信号输出,这样便于接口以实现无人测控。Unit3SmartSensors9Thatalsorequiredtheanalogsignalleveltobeamplifiedandconvertedtodigitalformatpriorto(在……之前)beingsuppliedtotheprocesscontroller.Today’sMCUsandanalog-to-digital(A/D)converterstypicallyhavea5Vpowersupply,whichhasdictatedthesupplyvoltageformanyamplifiedandsignalconditionedsensors.译为:在将数据传输给处理控制器之前,还需要将模拟信号放大并转换成数字信号。今天的微控制器(MCU)和模/数(A/D)转换器通常需要有一个5V的电源供应,以为放大器和信号调理传感器提供电源电压。Unit3SmartSensors10However,thereductioninthesupplyvoltagefrom5Vto3.3Vandevenlowervoltagesandthepresenceofmorethanonevoltageinasystemposechallengesnottypicallyassociatedwitheventhesmartestsensors.主语为thereduction和thepresence,谓语为pose,宾语challenges。全句译为:然而,供应电压从5V衰减到3.3V甚至更低,以及系统中多种电压形式的出现,并不只是对最智能的传感器提出的考验。Separateintegratedcircuits(ICs)areavailabletohandlethevarietyofvoltagesandresolvetheproblem,buttheyaddtosystemandsensorcomplexity.译为:单独的集成电路(ICs)可用来处理各种不同的电压并解决问题,但它们增加了系统和传感器的复杂性。Unit3SmartSensors11Commonlyuseddefinitionsforthetermssensorandtransducermustbethefirstinthelistofmanytermsthatwillbedefined.Atransducerisadevicethatconvertsenergyfromonedomainintoanother,calibrated(校准)tominimizetheerrorsintheconversionprocess.Asensorisadevicethatprovidesausefuloutputtoaspecifiedmeasurand.译为:传感器和转换器中常用的定义,必须首先对一些术语进行定义。转换器是这样一种装置,它将能量从一个范围转换到另一个范围,并进行校准以减少在转换过程中的误差。而传感器是给特定的被测设备提供了一个有用的输出。Unit3SmartSensors12Thesensorisabasicelementofatransducer,butitalsomayrefertoadetectionofvoltageorcurrentintheelectricalregime(物理条件,环境,组织方法;管理体制,政体)thatdoesnotrequireconversion.Sometimes,thetermsareusedsynonymously(同义地),becauseenergyconversionispartofeverydevicethatisdiscussed.译为:传感器是转换器的基本元素之一,但是在不需要进行转换的电气方面,传感器可能会用于电压或电流的检测。有时候,传感器和换能器会被等价的应用,因为能量转换是每个被讨论的设备的一部分。Unit3SmartSensors13Thedefinitionofsmartsensor(intelligenttransducer)hasnotbeenaswidelyacceptedandissubjecttomisuse.However,anInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE)(电气和电子工程师协会)committeehasbeenactivelyconsolidatingterminology(专门用语,术语,术语学,术语的正确使用,术语用法)thatappliestomicroelectronicsensors.译为:智能传感器(智能转换器)的定义并没有被广泛接受,并且遭受了滥用。然而,电气电子工程师协会(IEEE)委员会已经积极地加强推广此术语应用于微电子传感器。Unit3SmartSensors14TherecentlyapprovedIEEE1451.2specificationdefinesasmartsensorasasensorthatprovidesfunctionsbeyondthosenecessaryforgeneratingacorrectrepresentationofasensedorcontrolledquantity.Thisfunctiontypicallysimplifiestheintegrationofthetransducerintoapplicationsinanetworkedenvironment.译为:最近通过的IEEE1451.2标准将智能传感器定义为:智能传感器是一种除了具有产生正确的感知量和被控量表达形式等这些必需的功能外,还能提供更多特殊的功能简化传感器与网络环境的整合应用的传感器。Unit3SmartSensors15Natureofsensors传感器的性质Inasimplecontrolsystem,thesensorisonlyoneofthreeitemsrequiredtoimplementacontrolstrategy.Thesensorprovidesaninputtoacontrollerwiththedesiredstrategyinitsmemory,andthecontrollerdrivesanoutputstagetomodifyormaintainthestatusofaload,suchasalight,amotor,asolenoid,oradisplay.译为:在一个简单的控制系统中,传感器是执行一个控制策略必需的三个环节之一。传感器给控制器提供存储所要求的输入,而控制器提供一个输出平台以修改或保持负载的状态,例如一盏灯,一台电机,电磁阀,或显示器。Unit3SmartSensors16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