定语从句讲解(关系代词)

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定语从句AttributiveClause定语从句一、基本概念:用作修饰一个名词或代词有时也修饰主句的一部份或整个句子的从句叫做定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。eg1:Themanwholivesnexttousisateacher.先行词关系词主句:Themanisateacher.eg2:Thebookthatyouwantisonthedesk.先行词关系词主句:Thebookisonthedesk.二、关系词的用法:关系词关系词的作用:1、关系代词2、关系副词:1)指人:that,who,whom,whose2)指物:that,which,whose3)指某一情况:which,as1、引导定语从句;2、代替先行词;3、在定语从句中充当成份。when,where,why(一)关系代词的用法:1、指人:whowhomthatwhoseExamples:Sheisthegirl_________sellsflowers.Hereistheman___________youarelookingfor.Ihaveafriend______fatherisadoctor.主语/宾语(口语中)宾语主语/宾语(不能引导非限)定语(表所属关系)who/thatwhom/who/thatwhose)(2、指物:thatwhichwhoseExamples:Footballisagame_________islikedbymostboys.Thisisthepen_________Iboughtyesterday.Ilikethebook_______coverisred.=Ilikethebook_______thecoverisred.=Ilikethebook,_______________isred.主语/宾语(不能引导非限)主语/宾语定语(相当于ofwhich)which/that()which/thatwhoseofwhichthecoverofwhich3、指某一情况:引导非限定性定语从句,指整个主句的内容aswhichExamples:Tomsuddenlyfellill,_____madeussad._____weallknow,theearthisround.=Theearthisround,asweallknow.一般放于主句前或主句后,意为“正如……,据……”只放于主句后,不可放于句首,意思为“这/这一点”whichAs关系代词引导定语从句时,要注意几点:(1)Whom,which作介词宾语时,介词一般可以放在它们的前面,也可以放在从句原来的位置上,但是含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词应该放在原来的位置上。{Thereisaroominwhichyoucanstudy.whichyoustudyin.Roseisthestudentwhomyoushouldlookafter/takecareof.注:关系代词只能用that的几种情况1、先行词既有人又有物;eg:Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.2、先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级时;eg:YouarethefirstpersonthatIwanttosee.3、先行词被theonly,thenext,thelast,thevery,any,little,no等修饰时;eg:ThisistheverypenthatIamlookingfor.4、先行词是all,none,something,anything,nothing等不定代词时;eg:Isthereanythingthatyouwantintheshop?5、主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时。eg:Whoisthegirlthatissingingintheroom?(3).只用which不用that的情况1.当关系代词前有介词。Thisisthefactoryinwhichmymotherworks.2.当先行词本身是that时。What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow.(4)关系代词whose的用法whose指人或物,在从句中作定语。Heisanexcellentteacher,{whosedaughterstudiesabroad.thedaughterofwhomstudiesabroad.Haveyouseenadictionarywhosecoverisblue?whose经常后接名词,这结构可以用the+名词+of+whom/which来替换,意义不变。(5).关系代词who,which,that,在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须必须和先行词保持一致。Anyonewho__over20canjointhearmy.I,who____yourfriend,willhelpyou.isam定语从句(2)本单元的语法重点是学习由关系副词when,where,why以及由介词+关系代词which/whom引导的定语从句。1.由关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句(1)when表示时间,其先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如:time,day,hour,year等)。(2)wherea.表示地点,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如:place,room,house,street,area等)b.常考的特殊先行词:stage,piont,case,situation,occasion(3)why表原因,常用在先行词reason后面。第15页注意:当表示时间、地点等的先行词在从句中不充当状语而作主语或宾语时,不用when、where、why引导定语从句,要用which或that来引导。Therearenowsomanydeerthatsomearebeingsenttoplaceswhichwouldliketoreturnthiskindofdeertothewild.现在鹿的数量很多,有些被送去放生。Theydrovetothehouse,whichwasatleastakilometrefromthestation.他们驾车来到了那所离车站至少一公里远的房子。第16页Intheyearsthatfollowed,MarxkeptonstudyingEnglishandusingit.在以后的岁月里,马克思坚持学习和使用英语。Thisisthereasonthatheexplainedatthemeeting.这就是他在会议上解释的原因。第17页2.关系代词与关系副词的选择在定语从句中,关系词的选择主要受先行词以及关系词本身在从句中充当什么句子成分的制约。如果定语从句中的谓语动词是及物动词,而其后又没有宾语;或者从句中缺主语、定语或表语,这时就要用关系代词引导定语从句。如果定语从句中的谓语是不及物动词,或已有了宾语、定语、主语和表语等成分,就要用关系副词引导定语从句。第18页Iknowaplacewherewecanskate.我知道一个地方,我们可以在那儿滑冰。Iknowaplacewhich/thatisnotfarfromhere.我知道一个离这不远的地方。Hewillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichtheyspenttogether.他永远也不会忘记他们一起度过的日子。3.由介词+关系代词which/whom引导的定语从句学习这种带介词的定语从句,要特别注意,介词后要接关系代词而不接关系副词(因副词常作状语,不作宾语)。还要注意介词之后的关系代词只有两个:which和whom,先行词指物用“介词+which”,指人用“介词+whom”,且两个关系代词均不可省;介词的选取必须遵循两个原则:①定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配如何;②根据先行词的特殊用法而定。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.在黑暗的街上,她找不到一个可以向之求助的人。该题介词的选用遵循第①条原则:定语从句中turn与先行词person搭配形成:turntosb.(forhelp)“向某人求助”这个固定短语。Thegardenerwascalledtotellthewayinwhichthepoordoghaddied.园丁被叫去说说那条可怜的狗是怎么死的。该题介词的选用遵循第②个原则:以特殊的先行词引导定语从句,且从句缺状语时,“以……的方式”用in(this,the)way,故用inwhich。先行词是表时间、地点、原因的名词,引导定语从句是用关系副词还是关系代词,要看关系词在从句中充当的成份。若充当状语,则用关系副词;若充当主语或宾语,则用关系代词。eg:Thisisthefactory______________myfatherworkedlastyear.Thisisthefactory_________wevisitedyesterday.注意:where/inwhichwhich/that

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