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1语法专项（一）定语从句一．定语从句的定义定语可以由形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语等来担任。如果一个句子担任定语，这个句子就叫定语从句（AttributiveClauses）又叫形容词从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词,先行词一般是名词或代词。定语从句在句中做定语，修饰名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，指代先行词，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。关系词主语宾语表语定语状语说明that人/物（人/物）√×√1.that&why不能用于非限定性从句2.whose+n在非限制性定语从句中=thenofwhom/which3.as主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as,thesame…as,as…as,结构中。4.way做先行词，定语从句引导词有that,inwhich或者/which物（物）×××who人（人）×××whom×（人）×××whose×××人/物×when××××√where××××√why××××√as主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as,thesame…as,as…as,结构中。例如:She’sthegirlwhosingsbestofall.引导词who代替先行词_________,在定语从句中作_________.Pleasepassmethenotebookwhosecoverisred．引导词whose代替先行词__________,在从句中作________.Asteelplantisaplacewheresteelismade．钢厂是生产钢的地方．引导词where与先行词________有关系,在句中作________.Aseveryoneknows,heishonest．众所周知,她很诚实.引导词as代替_______________,在定语从句中作_________的宾语.二．定语从句的分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1）限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。Hissisterwhoworksinabankloveshimverymuch.Hissister,whoworksinabank,loveshimverymuch.2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰的意义明确的名词或代词时，2其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.三．使用定语从句需要注意的几个问题:1．下列情况必须用that：1)先行词为much，little，none，few，one，all，anything,everything,nothing,something等不定代词。Iwatchedalltheglassesthatwereonthetablefalloffontothefloor.2)先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰。Theparksaretheclearestparksthatyoucanimagine．3)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等词修饰。CornwasnottheonlyfoodthatwastakentoEurope．4)先行词既有人也有物Theytalkedaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremembered．5）主句是therebe结构且先行词为物时：Thereisstillaseat___isfree.6）句子中已经用了which或者who，另一个用thatHebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthings___hadneverbeenseenbefore.7）先行词是主句表语,或关系词本身是从句表语Myhometownisnolongertheplace___isusedtobe.2．以下情况时只能用which1)前面紧接介词时，介宾结构中:IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelive?2)非限定性定语从句中:Hisdog,whichwasnowveryold,becameillanddied.3)双重从句中,其一已用了that,另一个用which4)当关系代词后带有插入语，关系词离先行词较远时Hereisthebookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpyoualot.3．先行词指人只用who情况：1）当主句是therebe句型时，关系词用who。Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.2）先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one,ones,he等词时，关系词用who。Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.3）当先行词后有较长的后置定语ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.4.as引导定语从句时的用法①通常用于thesame…as,such/so…as,asmany（much）as结构中。先行词被such/so和thesame修饰,从句关系代词都用as引导。3Suchmachines________areusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.区别Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch.Theyaresuchlovelychildrenaswelovemuch.归纳：such…that…引导的_________从句，such…as…引导________从句，主要区别在于看从句___________区别：Iwanttousethesametoolthatyouusedjustnow.Iwanttousethesametoolasyouusedjustnow.②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：asisknowntoall,asissaid,asisreported,asisannounced,asweallknow,asIexpect,asisoftenthecase等。eg.AsIexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.③.as与which的区别a.当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which引导非限制性定语从句。eg.Hemadealongspeech,asweexpected.Hemadealongspeech,whichwasunexpected.b.当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。eg.Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.c.which不放在句首5.“介词+which/whom”,介词的选择取决于三种情况：先行词的搭配，从句中动词的搭配，从句中动词和先行词的关系。当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词各个固定部分不要拆开。October1,1949wasthedayonwhichthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Thesickmanwhomsheislookingafterisherfather.6．区别定语从句与强调句Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.__________句Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight._______句Itwas8o’clockwhenwegothome.__________句Itwasat8o’clockthatwegothome.__________句归纳：Itwas+时间名词/地点名词+when/where…did…(定语从句)Itwas+介词+时间名词/地点名词+that…did…(强调句)7．定语从句与同位语从句Heexpressedthehopethathehashadformanyyears.____________从句Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.____________从句归纳：定语从句中that充当句子成分（主语、宾语或者表语）；that引导同位语从句不充当句子成分，是对名词内容的补充说明，被修饰的名词与同位语从句之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。8．特殊的定语从句先行词：1.time:当time表示“次数”时，用that引导；表示“一段时间”时用when或“at/duringwhich”引导：4---Thisisthesecondtime_______thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.---Thiswasatime________therewerenoradiosorTVsets.2.“两p两b,c,s”point/position/business/background/case/condition/situation/sport/war/job/work/activity/family/atmospherewhere缺状语that/which缺主语、宾语occasion/age/interval/stage阶段when缺状语that/which缺主语、宾语IcanthinkofmanycaseswherestudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.Wearelivinginanagewhenmanythingsaredoneoncomputer.9.由ofwhich/whom等引导的非限制性定语从句与并列句以及独立主格结构的转换。whomnone/neither/many/either/most/any/much/afew/both/half/each/one/someofwhichWeinterviewedfourteenapplicantsforthepost,noneof_____wethoughtwassuitable.Weinterviewedfourteenapplicantsforthepost,of_____nonewethoughtwassuitable.Weinterviewedfourteenapplicantsforthepost;noneof_____wethoughtwassuitable.Weinterviewedfourteenapplicantsforthepost,butnoneof_____wethoughtwassuitable.Weinterviewedfourteenapplicantsforthepost,noneof_____suitable.Doyouseethehouse,thewindowsof_______areallbroken?Doyousee