Discourse语篇,社会语言学

DiscourseByLiuxuanContentBackground1Releventconcepts2DiscourseAnalysis32.1Definitions2.2Types2.3Functions1.BackgroundBeforethe1920s,thereweremanystudiesonlanguageitselffromsyntaxview.Thestudiesaremainlyonthegrammaticalstructureofseperatedsentences.Theystudiedneithertherelationshipbetweensentences,northefunctionsofsentencesinalargerlinguisticunit.However,justlikeonewordmayhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentsentences,onesentencealsohasdifferentmeaningsandfunctionsindifferentlinguisticcontext.Howsentencesareusedincontext?Howsentencesarelinkedtogether?IssuesLinguistscasttheireyesonahigherlevelthansentenceslevel,whichiscalleddiscourse.Theystudyontheuseofsentencesindiscourse.2.Releventconcepts2.1DefinitionsDiscourseislanguageabovethesentenceorabovetheclause.(Stubbs1983)Discourseisacontinuousstretchoflanguagelargerthanasentence.(Crystal1986)Thestudyofdiscourseisthestudyofanyaspectoflanguageuse.(Fasold1990)黄国文在《语篇分析概要》(1988)一书中对语篇做了以下定义:“语篇通常指一系列连续的话段或句子构成的语言整体。……它可以是讲话,也可以是文章;短者一、二句可成篇,长者可洋洋万言以上...”(黄国文1988)Discourseisaunitoflanguageabovethesentence.(E.g.paragraph,article)formal/structuralDiscourseislanguageinuse.(E.g.conversation,speech,word,phrase)functionaldiscoursesentencewordwordwordsentencesentencewordwordword2.2TypesofDiscourseAshiftofinterestinthisfieldmightbenoticed,presentlyresultinginfocusonsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenwrittenandspokendiscourse.(Renkema2004:64)Hello,Chicago!Howdoyoulikeyournewoffice?Well,Iloveit.Theroomisspecialandcleanwithbigwindowsandalotofsunshine.本台最新消息：中国卫生部二十九日通报，广东省广州市报告的一例输入性甲型H1N1流感疑似病例当日被诊断为确诊病例SpokenDiscourseWrittenDiscourseComposedofsoundsComposedoflettersMakesuseofintonation,pitch,rhythem,tempoMakesuseofpunctuationandothergraphological(字系学)deviceslikeitalics(斜体)TransitoryRelativelypermanentPerceivedbytheearPerceivedbytheeyeAddresseeispresentAddresseeisabsentImmediatefeedbackFeedbackdelayedMeaninghelpedbycontext,bodymovement,gesturesMeaningmustbemadeclearwithinthecontextAccordingtoSteger,spokendiscourseissubdividedintosixtypes:Thecriteriaofthisdivisionincludesuchfactorsaspresenceorabsenceofinteraction,numbersofspeakersandtheirrelationtoeachother,flexibilityoftopicalongwithselectionandattitudeofspeakerstowardsthesubjectmatter.presentationmessagereportpublicdebateconversationinterviewAccordingtoWerlich(1982),writtendiscourseissubdividedintofivetypes:description,narration,exposition,argumentation,instruction.Discription:thepatternofdevelopmentthatpresentsawordpictureofathing,aperson,asituation,oraseriesofevents.Narration:Narrationencompassesasetoftechniquesthroughwhichthecreatorofthestorypresentstheirstory.Expositionisatypeofwritingwherethepurposeistoexplain,inform,orevendescribe.Argumentationistheprocessofformingreasons,justifyingbeliefs,anddrawingconclusionswiththeaimofinfluencingthethoughtsand/oractionsofothers.Instruction(说明书)：是以应用文体的方式对某事或物来进行相对的详细描述，方便人们认识和了解某事或物。2.3FunctionsTherearetwomainfunctionsofanyformofdiscourse.(Brown,G.&Yule,G.1993)Thatfunctionwhichlanguageservesintheexpressionof‘content’wewilldescribeastransactional.TransactionalThatfunctioninvolvedinexpressingsocialrelationsandpersonalattitudeswewilldescribeasinteractional.InteractionalFunctionsofDiscourse2.3.1TransactionalFunctionTheaimoftransactionallanguageistoconveyfactualorpropositionalinformation.Languageusedinsuchasituationismainly‘messageoriented’.Itisimportantthattherecipientgetstheinformativedetailcorrect.2.3.2InteractionalFunctionTheaimofinteractionallanguageistomaintainasocialrelationship.Conversationalanalystshavebeenparticularlyconcernedwiththeuseoflanguagetonegotiaterole-relationships,peer-solidarity,theexchangeofturnsinaconversation,thesavingoffaceofbothspeakerandhearer.E.g.Excuseme,Sir.Couldyoupleasetellmethewaytothenearestbusstation?Ofcourse.Justgodownthisstreet,turnleftatthefirsttrafficlightand...3.DiscourseAnalysis3.1Development3.2Definition3.3ScopeofResearch3.4Significance3.5PreviousStudies3.1DevelopmentThearrangementofwordsinphrasesandsentencesisdecidednotonlybysyntax,butalsobyspeakers’knowledgeoftheworldandoftheirsociety.Toexplainthearrangement,wemustconnectlanguagewiththatknowledgeandshelvetheprojectofdescribinglanguagebyitself.Andwemustquitworkingwithinventeddataandstartworkingwithauthenticdata.Theseprospectsarepreciselywhatdiscourseanalysisintendstoachieve.ThetermDAwasfirstusedin1952byHarrisinhispaper.Hepointsoutlanguagedoesnotoccurinstraywordsorsentences,butinconnecteddiscourse(Harris1952).independentfield3.1DevelopmentFourStagesTheFirstStage:(1952-the1960s)Malinowski(1933)arguesthatthemeaningofasentenceisdecidedwhenandonlyinthecontext.Harris(1952)createdthetermDA,whichisregardedasthebeginningofdiscoursestudies.Firth(1957)claimslanguageisabehaviorthatbehavesandmeanwhileurgesotherpersontobehave,solinguistsshouldpayattentiontothecontext.3.1DevelopmentTheSecondStage:(the1970s)Pike(1967)developsthediscourseanalysisbyitsresearchonlexemeoflanguageandhumangestures.SinclairandCoulthard(1975)saidthatanutteranceismadeupofmove,whichiscomposedofacts.Sacks,SchegloffandJeffers