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BeliefsasSelf-FulfillingPropheciesRogerBannisterOutline•Beliefsshapereality•Howitworks•Optimizingoptimism•RaisingourbeliefsWearewhatwethink.Allthatweareariseswithourthoughts.Withourthoughts,wemakeourworld.TheBuddhaPygmalionPygmalionPygmalionintheclassroom(RobertRosenthal)IntheworkplaceJamieson(1987)“Treatamanasaheisandhewillremainasheis.Treatamanashecanandshouldbeandheshallbecomeashecanandshouldbe.”JohannWolfgangvonGoetheThePoweroftheSituationMilgram’sObediencetoAuthorityZimbardo’sPrisonExperimentThe(Positive)PoweroftheSituation–menabove75–weekin“1959”resort–mentalandbiologicalagedecreases•Langer(1989)–testingeyesight–Improveswithrole•Langer(1979)PositivePriming•Bargh(1999)•Dijksterhuis&VanKnippenberg(1998)•Creatingapositiveenvironment–pictures(people,places,etc)–pleasantobjects(memorabilia,flowers,etc)–quotes–books,films,music–positiveresearchTheSelf-HelpMovement“Whateveryourmindcanconceiveandbelieveitcanachieve”NapoleonHill“Whetheryouthinkyoucanorcan’t—youareright”HenryFordTheSelf-HelpMovement“Havegreathopesanddaretogoalloutforthem.Havegreatdreamsanddaretolivethem.Havetremendousexpectationsandbelieveinthem.”NormanVincentPealeAlbertBanduraonSelfEfficacy“Beliefsinpersonalefficacyaffectlifechoices,levelofmotivation,qualityoffunctioning,resiliencetoadversityandvulnerabilitytostressanddepression.”“Peoplewhoregardthemselvesashighlyefficaciousact,think,andfeeldifferentlyfromthosewhoperceivethemselvesasinefficacious.Theyproducetheirownfuture,ratherthansimplyforetellit.”•Cultivatedovertime•Curry(1997)oncollegeathletesNathanielBrandenonSelf-Esteem“Thelevelofourself-esteemhasprofoundconsequencesforeveryaspectofourexistence:howweoperateintheworkplace,howwedealwithpeople,howhighwearelikelytorise,howmuchwearelikelytoachieve—and,inthepersonalrealm,withwhomwearelikelytofallinlove,howweinteractwithourspouse,children,andfriends,whatlevelofpersonalhappinessweattain.”“Selfconceptisdestiny.”ThePlaceboEffectBeliefsasSelf-fulfillingPropheciesBeliefsExpectationsPerformanceMotivationConsistencyInterpretation“Ifailedmywaytosuccess”ThomasEdisonOptimismandPessimism(Seligman)•Interpretationstyle–Permanent/temporary–Pervasive/specific•Success•Mental/physicalhealth–immunesystem–resilience–happiness–longevity•Itcanbelearned!OptimizingOptimism•Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs?OptimizingOptimism•Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs?–TheStockdaleParadox–Positivethinkingisnotenough“Falseoptimismsoonerorlatermeansdisillusionment,angerandhopelessness.”AbrahamMaslowThe“Secret”ofSuccess•Optimism,passion,hardwork.“Thereisnosubstituteforhardwork.”ThomasEdison“Iamagreatbelieverinluck,andIfindthattheharderIwork,theluckierIget.”ThomasJeffersonWhatAboutHappinessandSelf-Esteem?•Dohighexpectationsleadtodisappointment?Self-esteem=success/pretensionsWilliamJames•CopingversusAvoidance–Selfperceptiontheory(Bem,1967)–realizingthepainofactualfailure–moresuccessOnBecomingAnOptimist•Justdoit!(action)•Imaginethat…(visualization)•Cognitivetherapy(rationalthinking)TakingAction(Bandura)HardWorkCopingSuccessSelf-EfficacyTodareistoloseone’sfootingmomentarily.Nottodareistoloseoneself.SorenKierkegaardImaginingSuccess•Themindassimulator(Kosslyn,1994)•Focusonjourneyanddestination(Taylor,2005)•Involvedifferentsenses•EvokeemotionsCognitiveTherapy•Thoughtsdriveemotion•Restoringrationality/realism•Highlyeffective•AnacquiredskillAvoidingthe3M’s…1.Magnifying(exaggerating)a.PermanentandPervasive(over-generalizing)b.All-or-nothingthinking2.Minimizing(underplaying)a.Tunnelvisionb.Dismissalofpositiveornegative3.Makingup(fabricating)a.Personalizationorblameb.EmotionalreasoningGetReal!•Ismyconclusiontiedtoreality?•Ismyconclusionrational?•AmIignoringsomethingimportant?•WhatimportantevidencedoIstillneedtotakeintoconsideration?•WhatamImagnifying?•WhatamIminimizing?•AmIignoringanythingthatisgoingwell?•AmIignoringanythingthatisnotgoingwell?•Whatisthebigpicture?ExtremelyHappyPeople(DienerandSeligman,2002)•Everyoneexperiencesnegativeemotions•Differentcognitiveinterpretations(pessimistsvs.optimists)•Self-fulfillingprophecies•Spiralingdownorup•Ayres,J.&Hopf,T.(1992).Visualization:ReducingSpeechAnxietyandEnhancingPerformance.CommunicationReports,5,1-10.•Bandura,A.(1999).PerceivedSelf-EfficacyinCognitiveDevelopmentandFunctioning.EducationalPsychologist,28(2),117-148.•Benson,H.(1997).TimelessHealing.Scribner.•Burns,D.(1999).FeelingGood:TheNewMoodTherapy.Avon.•Langer,E.(1989).Mindfulness.Addison-Wesley.•Leahy,R.L.(2003).CognitiveTherapyTechniques:APractitioner’sGuide.GuilfordPublication.•White,S.S.&Locke,E.A.(2000).ProblemswiththePygmalionEffectandSomeProposedSolutions.LeadershipQuarterly,11,389-415.•Rosenthal,R.,andJacobson,L.(1968).PygmalionintheClassroom.NewYork:RinehartandWinston.•Selgiman,M.(1998).LearnedOptimism:HowtoChangeYourMindandYourLife.FreePress.BibliographyandRecommendations