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新托福阅读之——指代题•识别单词间指代关系的能力主要考察代词、先行词等语法关系•0-2points/set•题目问法固定：ThewordXinthepassagerefersto指代题识别分类精读篇目推荐•第一类：生物学/古生物学(17篇)OG:P40,P90Delta:P31,P37,P21/5-7,P33,P35,P42,P51/3-4,P86,P94,P128,P130/5,P131,P145/4-6,P183,P186•第二类：天文学/地理学(14篇)OG:P48,P117Delta:P18,P25,P39,P73/1-2,P74/5-6,P82,P92,P111,P158,P165,P182,P192•第三类：文学/历史/哲学(16篇)OG:P80,P101Delta:P22,P24,P27,P52,P54,P56,P77,P114,P117,P132,P146/7-10,P149,P162,P196题型5：指代题•识别（refersto）题型说明OG45•分为词汇指代和代词指代两种类型•0-2persetThesimplestformsofinequalityarebasedonageandsex.Forexample,oldpeoplemayhaveahighoralowposition;womenmayberankedbelowmen.Butineverysocietythereisanotherformofinequalitythatranksfamiliesratherthanindividuals.Ifalargenumberoffamiliesaresimilartoeachotherineducation,income,andvalues,theyconstituteasocialclass.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto•stratifiedsocieties•individuals•largenumberoffamilies•education,income,andvaluesPesticidestemporarilyincreasetheproductivityofcrops,untilinsectsdevelopgeneticresistancetothem.Thewordtheminthepassagerefersto•pesticides•crops•insects•soils1.语法原则：单复数一致，人称一致（基本所有题目的选项都符合语法原则）2.前指原则：正确答案必在所考代词之前3.句内原则：正确答案与所考代词通常在同一句内，除非代词位于句首或出现指代传递现象4.语义原则：代入并译成中文解题四大原则1.人称代词在托福中经常考察的人称代词是they/it；they/it出现在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主语.Animalsneednaturalperiodicsignalslikesunrisetomaintainacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours.Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal'sdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso—becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.ThewordItinthepassagerefersto•anexternalcuesuchassunrise•thedailyrhythmofananimal•thelocalsolarday•acyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hoursWiththeadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate,asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid.Itsuddenlybecamepublic-anexperiencethattheviewersharedwithdozens,scores,andevenhundredsofothers.•Theadventofprojection•Theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimage•Asimilarmachine•CelluloidOtherstatuesweredesignedtobeplacedwithinanarchitecturalsetting,forinstance,infrontofthemonumentalentrancegatewaystotemplesknownaspylons,orinpillaredcourts,wheretheywouldbeplacedagainstorbetweenpillars:theirfrontalityworkedperfectlywithinthearchitecturalcontext.•statues•gateways•temples•pillaredcourts2.平行结构Some…others;one…another;a…theone…;a…such…,notonly…butalso;Energyistherealcurrencyoftheworld.Wedependonenergytogrowourfood,tokeepusalive,andtowarmandcoolourbodiesandthebuildingswhereweliveandwork.Wealsouseittomovepeopleandotherobjectsaswellastochangematterfromonephysicalorchemicalformtoanother.Thewordanotherinthepassagerefersto•currency•energy•matter•formAtleastonecentralqualityofmusic—rhythmicorganization—canexistapartfromtheabilityofpeopletohearit.Somecomposers,suchasScriabin,haveemphasizedtheimportantoftherhythmicaspectofmusicbytranslatingtheirworksintorhythmicseriesofcoloredforms.Others,suchasStravinsky,havestressedthesignificanceofseeingmusicperformedbyanorchestraoradancetroupe.ThewordOthersinthepassagerefersto•people•composers•works•forms3.关系代词that,which,what…通常就近指代。注意：which前边有插入语时，处理方法为去掉插入语Withtheadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate,asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid.4.指示代词This、These…Manymillionsofyearsafterfernsevolved(butlongbeforetheHawaiianIslandwerebornfromthesea),anotherkindoffloraevolvedonEarth:theseed-bearingplants.Thiswasawonderfulbiologicalinvention.ThewordThisinthepassagerefersto•thespreadoffernsandmossesinHawaii•thecreationoftheHawaiianIslands•theevolutionofferns•thedevelopmentofplantsthatproduceseedsFromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty(A.D.1279-1368)animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen.Potsplayedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies.Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.•religiousceremonies•descriptions•typesofware•pots5.词汇指代用一个词、词组或指示性代词+名词性结构来指代前文内容。被指代内容可能是词语、词组甚至是整个句子或中心思想。ThecentralcharacterisEveryman,ahumancharacter,andthesubjectisdeatharrivingbeforewewantittocome—athemethatisuniversaltohumans.Thewordthemeinparagraph5refersto•performersplayinganimals,objects,orideas•deatharrivingbeforewewantittocome•beauty,knowledge,andstrength•Everymanasacentralcharacter•指代传递:指代词通常首先指前一句的主语，其次是宾语，当前一句的主语也是代词时，则继续向前找Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.•Pakicetus•Fish•Life•ocean•指代题排除技巧排除同等位置的选项（AorB，fromAtoBtoC，列举）Thef