国际会计课件1

InternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprisesLeeH.RadebaughSidneyJ.GrayErvinL.Black6theditionJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.InternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackChapter1InternationalAccountingandInternationalBusinessInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackTheInternationalDevelopmentoftheAccountingDisciplineDouble-entryaccountingDevelopedinItalybetweenthe13thand15thCenturiesSpreadtootherEuropeancountriesLucaPacioli–SummadeArithmeticaMemorandumbook,journal,andledgerAdaptedduetochangesinBusinessformTaxationGlobalizationInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackNationalDifferencesinAccountingStandardsManydifferentsystemsthroughouttheworldReconciliationisstillachallengeAccountingsystemsEvolveReflecttheenvironmentstheyserveDevelopmentofaccountinginfluencedbyEducationalsystemsLegalsystemsPoliticalsystemsSocioculturalcharacteristicsInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackTheEvolutionandSignificanceofInternationalBusinessBeganwiththeGreeksaroundthefifthcenturyB.C.Tradebecameaprivilegegrantedbythestate16thand17thcenturiessawthefirstmajorforeigninvestments(colonies)CenterofcommercialandbusinessactivityshiftedwestwardInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackTheEvolutionandSignificanceofInternationalBusinessIndustrialRevolutionMultinationalfirmsdeveloped–Ford,SingerForeigninvestmentsbecomemoreinfluentialPost-WorldWarIIPeriodInternationalbusinessstuntedGreatDepressionWorldWarIIRenewalinforeigntradeandinvestmentFormationofEuropeanEconomicCommunity(nowtheEuropeanUnion)GreaterstabilityInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackReasonsforInternationalInvolvementExpandsalesExcesscapacityGreaterprofitpotentialGainaccesstoRawmaterialsOtherfactorsofproduction(cheaplabor)KnowledgeNewdevelopmentsintechnologyInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackFormsofInternationalInvolvementExportsandimportsofgoodsandservicesStrategicalliancesLicensingagreement(intangibleproperty)Franchiseagreement(HolidayInn,McDonald’s)InvestmentabroadDirectinvestmentJointventureInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackMultinationalEnterprisesPossessaworldwideviewofProductionSourcingofrawmaterialsandcomponentsFinalmarketsEliteMNE10%ofacompany’soverallassets,earnings,andemployeesareabroadSignificantgeographicalspreadInternationalexperienceofexecutivesInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackMultinationalEnterprisesSmallcompaniesExportandimportManufactureproductsabroadoroutsourceproductionLicensingagreements.FirmSizeandSaturationofDomesticMarketProbabilityofInternationalTransactionsInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackLargeMultinationalEnterprisesTop10CompaniesbyMarketValuein2004Source:BusinessWeekGlobal1000RankNameCountryMarketValue20042003($Billions)11GeneralElectricU.S.328.1122MicrosoftU.S.284.4333ExxonMobilU.S.283.6144PfizerU.S.269.6655Wal-MartStoresU.S.241.1966CitigroupU.S.239.4379BPBritain193.05810AmericanInternationalGroupU.S.191.18913IntelU.S.184.66108RoyalDutchPetroleumNetherlands174.83InternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackLargeMultinationalEnterprisesTop10CompaniesbySalesin2003Source:FortuneGlobal500RankNameCountrySales20032002($Billions)11Wal-MartStoresU.S.263.0025BPBritain232.5733ExxonMobilU.S.222.8844Royal/DutchShellGroupBritain/Neth.201.7352GeneralMotorsU.S.195.3266FordMotorU.S.164.5177DaimlerChryslerGermany156.6088ToyotaMotorJapan153.1199GeneralElectricU.S.134.181014TotalFrance118.44InternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackDecidingtoBecomeGlobalAssessmentofExternalenvironmentInternalcapabilitiesofthefirmEnvironmentalconstraintsEducational,sociological,politicalandlegal,andeconomicCountry-specificadvantages(cheapmaterials,labor)Firm-specificadvantages–intangibleassetsInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackEnvironmentalInfluencesonAccountingEnterpriseownershipBroadownershipStateownershipFamilyownershipBusinessactivitiesinfluencethenatureoftheaccountingsystemSourcesoffinanceandpressureforaccountabilityExternalshareholdersBanksFamilysourcesTaxationAccountingsystemsinfluencedbystateobjectives(France)Accountingsystemsseparatefromstateobjectives(U.S.)InternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackEnvironmentalInfluencesonAccountingDevelopedaccountingprofessionJudgmentallybasedaccountingsystemsDependsuponaccountingeducationandresearchPoliticalsystem–accountingsystemreflectspoliticalphilosophySocialclimate–levelofemployeeawarenessInternationalAccounting&MultinationalEnterprises-Chapter1-Radebaugh,Gray,BlackEnvironmentalInfluencesonAccountingEconomicgrowthanddevelopme