第九讲信用证审单实务一、信用证单证审核简述单据审核是银行对受益人提交的凭以议付、付款的单据的审查,实务中简称审单(documentsexamination)。审单工作必须做到“单证一致,单单一致”。审单的一个重要规则是:信用证的任何规定都必须执行。审单顺序一般是先审汇票、发票,然后以发票为中心,依次审核保险单、运输单据等。(一)汇票审核要点1.汇票金额(amount)(1)汇票金额不能超过信用证限额(2)汇票上的货币币别与金额,须与发票上的一致;(3)汇票大、小写金额一致(amountinfiguresandwordsagree).2.汇票日期(tenor)(1)出票日期(drawnforcorrecttenor)跟单汇票的出票日不能早于提单日和迟于信用证的有效期;(2)提示日期(presentationdate).一般为信用证规定单据提示日。(3)到期日(expirydate)3.汇票当事人(party)(1)收款人:若信用证未作规定,一般为议付行或其指示人。(2)付款人;付款人应符合信用证的规定,即不能以申请人为付款人.议付信用证中规定“以我行为付款人(DRAFTDRAWNONUS)”,以开证行为付款人。(3)出票人;出票人或签字应与信用证的受益人完全相符.4.其他:信用证规定记载“DRAWINGCLAUSE”时,其开证行名称、信用证号码及开证日期均应于信用证一致。如果汇票要背书,应正确背书,一般不能作限制性背书;除非信用证授权,否则,不应开立“无追索权”的汇票。(二)发票审核要点1.发票须有信用证的受益人开出根据《UCP600》的规定,发票无需签字,但须表明是由受益人出具的发票。实务中,发票一般由出票人加具正式签章。若受益人要求“MANUALLYSIGNED”,则必须手签,签章位置通常在发票的右下角,若证中规定须由贸促会等机构证实,则证实机构的签章通常在发票的左上角。2.受票人,即发票的抬头人。发票抬头人前通常印有“TO”,“SOLDTOMESSRS”,“FORACCOUNTANDRISKOFMESSRS”,“CONSIGNEDTO”等。信用证上若无规定,在实际业务中,此处一般填写开证申请人即进口商的名称和地址。3.发票对货物的描述与信用证的描述一致;4.发票金额不超过信用证金额;·如果发票金额超过信用证金额,除非信用证特别规定,否则应将超证部分减除另做托收。如来证金额为USD2,955.00,货款为USD3,150.00,发票应做成:PROCEEDSUSD3,150.00LESSEXCESSIVEVALUEFORCOLLECTIONUSD195.00NETAMOUNTUSD2,955.00·货款含有佣金的情形若L/C明确规定“LESS_%COMMISSION”,则发票内应照打,货款按扣佣后的净值收取;若证中没有扣佣规定,但信用证金额为扣佣后净额,为保证单证一致,发票内应反映扣佣全过程;若证中未提及佣金,汇票金额规定为发票金额的_%(一般为95%以上),发票上不应反映扣佣过程。5.提交的发票份数应正确。若来证将发票分成正副本,则所有正本发票上应盖“ORIGINAL”字样;若为电脑制单,也可直接在发票上打出“ORIGINAL”字样;如份数显示“INDUPLICATE/2COPIES”、“INTRIPLICATE/3COPIES”,则出口商向银行交单的发票至少一份是正本。(三)提单审核要点完整的提单包括正面关于商品装运情况的记载和背面印就的运输条款。1.必须是经签署的清洁、已装船提单;2.不能显示“货装甲板”字样(mustnotshow“ondeckshipment”);3.提单的抬头、背书要正确;4.装运日、装运港、卸货港与目的港按信用证规定办理;卸货港如有重名,则应加注国名。卸货港如采用选择港方式,应全部列名,如为“伦敦/鹿特丹/汉堡”,则在卸货港栏中填上“OPTIONLONDON/ROTTERDAM/HAMBURG”。选择港最多不得超过三个,且应在同一航线上,运费按最高者计收。如中途转船,卸货港即填写转船港名称,而目的港应填入“最终目的地(FINALDESTINATION)”5.装运货物与发票规定一致;6.唛头。与发票一致。6.按信用证规定的价格条件,注明“运费已付”、“运费已预付”、“运费待付”(“freightpaid”、“freightprepaid”、“freighttobecollected”mustappearonB/Linaccordancewithpricetermspecifiedinthecredit.)7.提示的提单,必须是全套正本。(四)保险单审核要点(1)保险单据的类别按规定的提示。(2)保险金额:首先必须符合信用证的规定,在信用证对保险金额未作规定的情况下,一般投保的最低金额,应为货物的CIF金额加10%。保险金额的大小应一致,保额通常要“进位取整”或“进一取整”,即不管小数部分数字是多少,一律舍去,并在整数部分加“1”。(3)保险币别与信用证币别相同.(4)投保险别如规定所示(coveralltherisksspecified):对信用证规定的投保险别不能漏保;若信用证未作规定,则可接受载明任何险别的保险单据.(5)保费和费率通常事先印就“ASARRANGED(按约定)”字样,除非L/C另有规定,两者在保单上可以不具体显示。保险费(PREMIUM)通常占货价的比例为0.1%~0.3%左右。险别不同,费率(RATE)不一(平安险的费率约相当于一切险的1/3,水渍险约相当于一切险的1/2)。(6)必须全程保险(mustcoverfullperiodoftransit).一般基本保险的保险范围,都是“仓至仓”。特殊附加保险的范围,是从货物装上海轮或驳船开始,至货物目的港卸离海轮或驳船为止,因此,通常在投保特殊保险时,要加列一条款“包括仓至仓”(fromwarehousetowarehouseincluded)(7)保险日期,必须与提单日期相同或超前(mustbedatedonorbeforedateofshipmentasevidencedbydateofB/L)仔细阅读下列信用证,并审核全套单据。注明:单据于2005年6月15日提交,其中发票两份,保险单两份正本,无背书的正本提单三份。二、信用证单据审核实例(一)信用证ADVISINGBANK:THEBANKOFNEWYORK,INTERNATIONALBANKINGDEPARTMENT,NEWYORK,N.Y.SEQUENCEOFTOTAL27:1/1FORMOFDOC.CREDIT:40B:IRREVOCABLEDOC.CREDITNUMBER:21:050032DATEOFISSUE:31C:050501EXPIRY:31D:050620INNEWYORKISSUINGBANK:52D:BANKINPERU,LIMA,PERUAPPLICANT:50:BULDERS,S.A.,LIMA,PERUBENEFICIARY:59:HENRYCLYDEPRECISIONPARTSROCHESTER,NEWYORKAMOUNT:CURRENCYUSDAMOUNT6000.00(U.S.DOLLARSSIXTHOUSANDONLY)AVAILABLEWITH/BY:41D:WITHTHEBANKOFNEWYORK,NEWYORK,N.Y.BYPAYMENTDRAFTSAT…42C:60DAYSSIGHTDRAWEE:42A:ADVISINGBANKPARTIALSHIPMENT:43P:NOTALLOWEDTRANSSHIPMENT:43T:ALLOWEDLOADINGINCHARGE:44A:NEWYORKFORTRANSPORTTO:44B:CALLAOLATESTDATEOFSHIP:44C:050605DESCRIPT.OFGOODS45A:TOOLSDOCUMENTSREQUIRED:46A:+SIGNEDCOMMERCIALINVOICEINTRIPLICATE+CONSULARINVOICE+MARINEINSURANCEPOLICYORCERTIFICATETOORDEROFBULDERS,S.A.,COVERINGMARINEANDWARRISKSANDS.R.7C.C.LOSSES,IFANY,PAYABLEINLIMA,PERU,INU.S.A.DOLLARS+FULLSETOFCLEANONBOARDOCEANBILLOFLADINGMADEOUTTOORDEROFISSUINGBANK,MARKED“FREIGHTPREPAID”NOTIFYAAPLICANTADITIONALCON.47A:+DRAFTSDRAWNMUSTBEDESCRIBEDWITHTHENUMBERANDDATEOFTHISL/C.CONFIRMATION:49:WITHOUTINSTRUCTIONS:78:+DRAFTSANDDOCUMENTSTAKENUPUNDERTHISCREDITARETOBEFORWARDEDINONELOTTOBANKINPERU,LIMA,PERU(二)单据1.汇票(1)汇票正面EXCHANGEFORUSD6,000.00NEWYORK15JUNE2005AT30DAYSSIGHTOFTHISFIRSTOFEXCHANGE(SECONDOFEXCHANGEBEINGUNPAID)PAYTOTHEORDEROFOURSELVESTHESUMOFUSDSIXTHOUSANDONLY.DRAWNUNDERL/CNO.050032DATEDON050501TO:HENRYCLYDEPRECISIONPARTSELEANORPYEMANAGER(2)汇票反面HENRYCLYDEPRECISIONPARTSELEANORPYEMANAGER2.商业发票ISSUE:HENRYCLYDEPRECISIONPARTS42SAFEWAYBLVD.,商业发票ROCHESTER,NEWYORKCOMMERCIALINVOICEORIGINALTO:NO.:DATEBUILDERS,S.A.,LIMA,PERU9609JUNE11,2005TRANSPORTDETAILSS/CNO.:L/CNO.:FROMNEWYORKTOCALLAO050032BYSEATERMSOFPAYMENTL/CAT60DAYSPAY.MARKS&NUMBERANDQUAN-UNITAMOUNTNUMBERSKINDOFPACKAGETITYPRICEDESC.OFGOODSAIB400GRADE“B”#7471ROUTERBITSPACKEDIN25CTNSUSD6000.00CIFCALLAOTOTAL:AMOUNTSAYUSDSIXTHOUSANDONLYHENRYCLYDEPRECISIONPARTSELEANORPYEMANAGER3.保险单XXXINSURANCECOMPANYCARGOTRANSPORTATIONINSURANCEPOLICYINVOICENO.9609POLICYNO.CONTRACTNO.L/CNO.050032INSUREDHENRYCLYDEPRECISIONPARTSTHISPOLICYOFINSURANCEWITNESSESTHATXXXINSURANCECOMPANY(HEREINAFTERCALLED“THECOMPANY”)ATTHEREQUESTOFTHEINSUREDANDINCON-SIDERATIONOFTHEAGREEDPREMIUMPAIDTOTHECOMPANYBYTHEINSURED,UNDE-RTAKESTOINSURETHEPOLICYASPERTHECLAUSESPRINTEDOVERLEAFANDOTHERSPECIALCLAUSESATTACHEDHEREON.ITISHEREBYUNDERSTOODANDAGREEDTHATINTHECASEOFTHELOSS,SUCHLOS