跨文化商务交际Wk10 Cross-cultural Communication

Cross-culturalCommunicationWeek9ContentsNationalCulture-ValueValue-Westernvs.AsianLanguage-Highcontext-Lowcontext-Modeofthinking-ModeofspeakingCulturalDimension(con.)Assignment1NationalCulture(con.)Itinfluencesfamilylife,education,organisationcultureandeconomicandpoliticalstructures.Thesenseofbelongingtoanationisoneofthemostimportantfocalpointsofculturalidentity.Valuesareasociety’sideasaboutwhatisgoodorbad,rightorwrong.Itdetermineshowindividualswillprobablyrespondinanygivencircumstance.Valuesarecommunicatedthroughtheeightsubsystemsandpassedfromgenerationtogeneration-althoughinteractionandpressureamongthesesubsystemmayprovidetheimpetusforslowchange.Westernvalue:Basedonindividualismformedalogicfoundationforindividualfreedomsinsociety,entailingbotheconomicandpoliticalfreedoms.ThesefreedomsarethebasisoftheWesternvaluesystemsthatunderlinethemarketeconomyAsianvalue:ConfucianismConfucianethicisusuallydepictedasasetofvaluesinwhichloyalty,hierarchyandobediencetosuperiorsareparamount,andtheindividualissubordinatetothegroupValue:Westernvs.AsianLanguage-Itisthebasicmeansofcommunicationbetweenpeople,whichfacilitatessocialinteractionandfostersasystemofsharedvaluesandnorms.-Itismuchmorethanthevocabularyandgrammarthatmakeupwrittenandspokenexpression.NationalCulture(con.)Chinesevs.EnglishChineseLargestnumbersofpeople,20%oftheworld’spopulationEnglishThecommonestlanguagefortheglobalmediaandtheinternet,andthecommonestsecondlanguageIndiaisoneoftheworld’smostmulti-lingualcountries,with14majorlanguagesandmanymoreminoronesLanguagecouldbedistinguishedbetween(Hall&Hall,1960):-Low-contexta)Communicationisclearanddirectb)Speakerscomestraighttothepointandsayexactlywhattheymean-High-contexta)Muchgoesunsaidb)Dependingontherelationshipbetweenthespeakers,eachisabletointerpretbodylanguageand‘readbetweenthelines’LanguagesExample:Accordingtoaresearch,-AdultsinHawaiiofStates’talkingtimeis6hrsand43minutesaday-Japan’sadultstalk3hrsand31minuteseverydayLanguagesCulturalContext:EffectsonCommunicationLow/HighContextCultureMisinterpretationIncrossculturalcommunicationbetweenhighandlowcontextpeople,lackofunderstandingmayprecludereachingsolution,andconflictmayarise.Peoplefromhighcontextcultureperceivethosewithlowcontextculturesastootalkative,tooobvious,andredundant.Peoplefromlowcontextcultureperceivehighcontextcultureasnondisclosing,andmysterious.CommunicationStyleWayofexpression,argumentandthinkingModeThinking&Argument(KarlPribram,?)-Basedoncommonlyacceptedconcepts,France,LatinAmericancountries,etc-Emphasizeoninductivemethodandverification-Emphasizeontheharmonizationbetweenpartsandwhole,evidence,Germany-DialecticalstatementChineseTopic–commentStructureLanguagesModeofSpeakingWesternsaremoreusedtoexpresstheiraffirmativeandconfirmedopinionorthoughts;However,Japaneseprefertoavoidingtheresoluteanddecisiveanswer.EnglishGermanLanguagesinAsia(RobertKaplan,1966)CulturalDimension(con.)Trompennars’researchcovered15,000managersin28countries5RelationshipOrientations(Trompenaars,1994)-UniversalismvsParticularism-IndividualismvsCollectivism-NeutralvsEmotional-SpecificvsDiffuse-AchievementvsAscriptionUniversalismvs.ParticularismUniversalism-Formalrules,agreement-UK,USA,AustraliaandetcParticularism-Relationships-ChinaNeutralculture-Lessinclinedtoshowfeelings-Japan,SouthKoreanEmotional-Moreopenandexpressive-Mexico,GreekNeutralvs.EmotionalSpecific-Clearseparationbetweenworkandprivatelife-USA,Australia,UK,andetcDiffuse-Thewholepersonisinvolvedinabusinessrelationship-ChinaSpecificvs.DiffuseAchievementvs.AscriptionAchievement-Peoplederivestatusformtheiraccomplishmentsandrecords-USA,UKAscription-Statusrelatedtobirth,family,gender,orage-China,otherAsianculturesAssignment1:CaseResearchReportDurationTimeResearchreport:20thNov.2006(Before1:00pm)Presentation:27thNov.2006MarkSchemeResearchreport(50%)Presentation(50%)Hand-InPlaceRm222,ChineseSchool(Before1:00pm)Requirements:-Accordingtowhatwe’velearned,thisresearchmustcover:a)whataretheimagesofforeignersinyourmind?b)whataretheimagesofChineseinforeigners’mind?c)Inyoumind,whatdoyouthinkoftheChineseSellersinthecasestudy?d)Inforeigners’eyes,whatdotheythinkifithappenedonthem?-Thereportshouldbetypedwithfontsize12,space1.5,andprinted-Referencesmustbeputintothe‘WorkCited’part-Questionnaireisneeded,andrequiredtoputinto‘Appendix’