北工大研究生英语考试复习

研究生英语考试复习——PPT整理BySherry（根据郎老师ppt内容整理）1.Introduction•1.StructureofIntroduction•2.1Howexactlydoyouwrite“openingsentences”•2.2Typesofagap/need•2.3Howtooccupythegap/need1.StructureofIntroduction•SwalesandFeak(1994)postulateda3-movestructureofresearchpaperintroductions,asshownbelow.•CARS(Create-a-Research-Space)modelNecessityoffurtherresearch(obligatory)2.1Howexactlydoyouwrite“openingsentences”(Move1a)?①thegeneralstatementofrelatedsocialbackground②Problemofsomething③problemwithsolution④Application⑤Beneficialpropertiesoftheresearchtarget⑥Activeresearchactivity⑦Termexplanationofyourfield(e.g.chemicalnames,definitions,speciesnames)⑧……usuallymorethanoneoftheaboveelementsAttentionto“funnel”structure2.2.Typesofagap/need(Move2)•1)Indicateagap(weaknessofthepreviousstudy)•2)Continuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiry•Buildingonworkalreadydone,buttakingitfurtherby•①extendingtheareastudied•②improvingthecurrent…•③usinganewsample/method•3)Counter-claiming•Aconflictingclaim,theoryormethodisputforward.2.2languagestrategies(Move2)①Usenegativesubjects②NegativeVerbs③NegativeAdjectives④Contrastivestatements⑤RaisingaQuestion2.3Howtooccupythegap/need(Move3a)•1)Outliningpurpose(obligatory)•Theaim/purpose/objective/goalofthispaperisto…•Thispaperaimsat…/intendsto…•2)Statethenature/focus/thesisofthepresentresearch•3)Announcingmethodofpresentresearch.•4)Announcingprinciplefindings•5)OutlineoftheResearch•6)ValueofResearch2.LiteratureReview•1.3Functionofliteraturereview•2.1Howtoorganizetherevieweditems?•2.1What’sthefocusoftheLiteratureReview1.3Functionofliteraturereview•literaturereviewmay•Indicatewhothemainwritersareinaparticulararea•Evaluatepreviousstudies•Identifyagapinpreviousstudy.•Provideacleartheoreticalframework•Defineyourterms,drawingonotherwriters’definition2.1Howtoorganizetherevieweditems?Thebodyofthereviewdependsonhowyouhaveorganizedyourkeypoints.Typicalwaysoforganizingthesourcesintoareview:•Chronological•Trend•Importance/value/authority•Classification•Relationshipwiththepaper•Problemandsolution•Comparisonandcontrast•……2.1What’sthefocusoftheLiteratureReviewa)Methodologyb)Outcome/findingsc)Theoryd)Applicatione)……3.Methodology1.Componentsof“M”section2.Description“Materials”3.“Researchinstrument”4.Procedure1.Componentsof“M”section--Field/subject-basedresearch•Sample,specimenorsubjects,selection/collection①Collection:Location,collectionmeans,storage(esp.container),quantity,etc②Preparation:(treatment/processing/preservation),etc③…•Meansofanalysis(machinary)•Dataanalysis(software)•1）Originofdifferentsourcematerials①Nameandlocationofsuppliers②Concentrationorotherproperties③meansofproduction④..•2)Samplepreparation①Quantity②Container(dimensiondescription?)③Procedure④“Equipment”⑤…•3)Samplecharacterization/analysis•“Equipment”,procedure,etc2.Descriptionof“Materials”3.“Equipment”•1)Nameandlocationofsuppliers•Example:Model480thermocycler(Perkin-Elmer,Norwalk,CT)•2)Components•3)Dimension•4)Functioninthisexperiment•5)Workingprinciple•6)Operation•7)placement•…4.Procedure•Procedure&elaboration(注意“程序”和“详述”)•Procedure:steps,verbs•Elaboration:togivemoredetailsornewinformationaboutsomething•meansofrecording/analysis,justification,carewastaken,etc•Possibledifficulty•…4.Results•2.Majorcomponentsofdatapresentation•3.Beginningof“Results”2.MajorcomponentsofdatapresentationSwalesandFeak(1994)•StepOne•Invitationtoviewtheresultsofthedata(subject)•StepTwo•Makeageneralstatementofthemaintrend•StepThree•ShowsomeofthesignificantfeaturesIfappropriate,compare/contrastvariousaspectofthedataAttention:data,indication(meaning)ofdata?3.Beginningof“Results”•Revisiting/expandingmethodology•Findingsofotherresearchinthisarea•Revisitingtheresearchaim,theoriginalpredictionorassumptiontobetested5.Discussion&Conclusions•0.Differencebetween“Results”or“Discussion”•1.1Majortypesof“Discussion”•1.2Majorcomponentsof“discussion”•2.Majorcomponentsof“Conclusion”0.Differencebetween“Results”or“Discussion”•Overall,“Results”dealswithdescriptivefacts;Discussiondealswithinterpretivepoints.•Discussionshouldgobeyondtheresults:bemoretheoreticalormoreabstractormoregeneral.1.1Majortypesof“Discussion”in“ResultsandDiscussion”•Reasonanalysis(justifytheresults)•Implication/indicationoftheresults•Mapping:comparisonofyourstudywithexistingwork(conventionalsystem,previousresearch,traditionaltechnology,etc)•Possibleapplication•……1.2Majorcomponentsof“discussion”1.Reasonanalysis(resultjustification)2.Implication/indicationoftheresults3.Mapping:Comparisonofyourstudywithotherwork(traditionaltechnology,previousstudy,etc)4.toshowcontribution/achievementofthisresearch•implicationofthisachievement5.(Possible)Application6.(Possible)Limitation7.toprovidesuggestionsforfutureresearch8.……torevisitresearchaim/assumption/previousresearch/mythologytosummarizethekeyresults……•Mapping(relationshiptoexistingresearch)•Contribution•Applications•Discussfuturework•……2.Majorcomponentsof“Conclusion”6.Abstract•0.Majorcomponentsof“Conclusion”•2.Keycomponents•2.1Thesisstatement•2.2results•2.3Discussion•3.Conciseabstracts•4.Thr