化学治疗药物ChemotherapeuticDrugs学习提要掌握喹诺酮及磺胺类药物的作用机制及区别点掌握各组喹诺酮药物的抗菌特性掌握喹诺酮及磺胺类药物的临床应用及常见不良反应及产生耐药机制化学治疗药物Ideal:对细菌等病原微生物、寄生虫和癌细胞有选择性杀灭作用对Host无毒或轻度毒性NoteHost,PathogenandDrugsReasonable,SafetyandEffective治疗指数=LD50/ED50CertainSafetyFactor确实安全系数化疗指数越大则说明药物毒性越低治疗指数大于5,可做临床研究治疗效果越高?化疗指数ChemotherapeuticindexUnsatisfactoryofsafetymargin不满意的安全界量系数安全系数=LD5/ED95Or=LD1/LD99基本无害剂量/基本有效剂量CELLMEMBERANECELLWALLDNARibosomesPABATHFAmRNASulfonamaidesTrimethoprimInhibitorsofmetablismFluoroquinolonesRifampinInhibitorsofnucleicacidfunctionorsynthesisTetracyclinesAminoglycosidesMacrolidesClindamycinChloramphenicolInhibitorsofproteinsynyhesisB-LactamsVancomycinInhibitorsofcellwallsynthesis磺胺类Sulphonamides甲氧苄啶类TrimethprimSO2NHRNHRSulfonamidesNNH2CNH2H2NOCH3OCH3OCH3Trimethoprim1932年德国Domagk发现带有磺酰胺基团的一种染料白浪多息可有效地治疗受细菌致命感染的实验动物。之后他用此药治好了自己小女儿的链球菌感染的细菌性血液中毒——磺胺新药诞生了。1939年他获得了诺贝尔生理及医药奖。洁尔灭Zephirol白浪多息ProntosilStreptozon氨苯磺胺异烟肼NeotebenSupercoiledDNADNAGyrasePteridine+PABA二氢叶酸还原酶二氢蝶酸合成酶嘌呤嘧啶二氢蝶酸四氢叶酸二氢叶酸RelaxedDNA甲氧苄啶-复方新诺明叶酸合成抑制剂COOHNH2SO2NHRNHR-磺胺类Woods–Fildes学说Antifolatedrugs磺胺药+TMP:双重阻断细菌的叶酸代谢【作用机制】抗叶酸药:干扰细菌叶酸的合成TMP对细菌二氢叶酸还原酶的敏感性哺乳类二氢叶酸还原酶50000倍Trimethoprim:dihydrofolatereductaseSulphonamides:dihydropteroatesynthetaseFig.SynergismbetweentrimethoprimandsulfamethoxazoleontheinhibitionofgrowthofEscherichiacoli.Numberofbacteria(Arbitraryunits)Hours1005005100NodrugTrimethoprimSulfamethoxazoleCo-trimoxazole二氢喋酸合成酶敏感性大量产生PABA细胞膜对磺胺药的通透性下降【耐药机制】【抗菌谱】革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌、诺卡氏菌、衣原体、弓形体、疟原虫、放线菌和卡氏肺囊虫有抑制作用对支原体、螺旋体无效可以刺激立克次体生长【临床应用】主要用于敏感菌引起尿路感染多采用复方制剂co-trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazoleco-trimoxazole卡氏肺囊虫性肺炎诺卡氏菌感染弓形体病氯喹耐药的恶性疟疾过敏反应,药物毒性5%患者出现明显不适过敏反应:磺胺类产生交叉过敏泌尿系统损害:结晶尿造血系统反应:血小板机能不全、溶血性或再生障碍性贫血、粒细胞减少、白血病样反应妊娠后期服用:新生儿出现核黄疸艾滋病患者:50%以上产生不良反应【不良反应】奎诺酮类Quinolones负超螺旋DNADNA回旋酶嘌呤嘧啶子代DNADNA双链喹诺酮-核酸合成抑制剂拓扑异构酶IV细胞分化-正超螺旋DNA后链切口后链前移封口ActionoftypeIIDNAtopoisomerase【药理作用】【耐药机制】细菌DNA螺旋酶基因的单核苷酸改变螺旋酶突变外膜通透性的改变主动将药物泵出体外第一代:萘啶酸—部分G-菌有效,抗菌谱窄。第二代:吡哌酸—尿路和肠道感染。第三代:氟喹诺酮类—抗菌谱广敏感菌引起的呼吸道、泌尿道、皮肤软组织、肠道、细菌性前列腺炎等感染【临床应用】氧氟沙星&环丙沙星:偶尔用于结核病NNOC2H5NCOOHFHNNOC2H5NCOOHFHN诺氟沙星norfloxacin依诺沙星enoxacinGram-阴性和阳性菌引起的尿路感染和前列腺炎有效对全身感染无效抗菌谱与诺氟沙星相似口服吸收好、血药浓度和组织浓度高于诺氟沙星体内抗菌作用强于诺氟沙星对MRSA不敏感IIINOCOOHFNH环丙沙星CiprofloxacinNONCOOHFNH3COCH3H氧氟沙星ofloxacin对肠杆菌科细菌和革兰氏阴性菌感染尤其效佳可用于伴随囊肿性纤维化的假单胞菌属细菌感染与b-内酰胺类合用,具有增效作用最初用于前列腺炎和性传播感染对皮肤感染有益上呼吸道感染氟罗沙星fleroxacinNOCH2CH2FNCOOHFNFH3C斯帕沙星SparfloxacinNONCOOHFHNFCH3H3CNH2特点:抗革兰氏阳性菌的作用增强抗阴性菌作用〈环丙沙星抗菌活性强于诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星及环丙沙星III克林沙星Clinafloxacin抗菌活性:环丙沙星和司帕沙星的4-8倍对多药耐药菌也有极好活性本品对厌氧菌活性高,是司帕沙星和环丙沙星的8和16倍Warner-Lambert公司NOCOOHFClNNH2IV曲伐沙星trovafloxacin莫西沙星moxifloxacin抗G+菌:强;抗厌氧菌非典型性肺炎(Atypicalpneumoniaagents);衣原体(chlamydia);支原(质)体(mycoplasma);军团杆菌属(legionela)RespiratoryfluoroquinolonesLevofloxacin左氧氟沙星Gatifloxacin加替沙星Gemifloxacin吉米沙星Moxifloxacin莫西沙星口服吸收好,生物利用度在70%~95%【体内过程】药物的组织穿透性好,分布广泛培氟沙星&氧氟沙星进入脑脊液胃肠道发生螯合:铝、镁等抗酸药难溶性物质影响吸收多数经肾脏排出特点:部分经肝P450酶代谢抑制肝P450酶对其他药物的代谢如theophylline的血浓度增加产生惊厥【药物相互作用】消化道症状:恶心、食欲不振、腹泻等中枢神经系统:焦虑、烦躁、失眠、头晕、癫痫软骨发育从乳汁分泌光敏反应抗菌后效应PostantibioticEffects(PAE)PAE=T-CPAEinvivoPAEinvitro【注意事项】ApprovedandInvestigationalFluoroquinolonesintheUnitedStatesFluoroquinolone(brandname)ManufacturerFormulationsCommentsFDA-approvedNorfloxacin(Noroxin)Merck&Co,Inc400-mgtabletsEssentiallylimitedtourinarytractinfectionsCiprofloxacin(Cipro)BayerCorporation100-,250-,500-,and750-mgtablets;solutionforIVinfusion(200mg/20mLinvialsandflexiblecontainers)Improvedantibacterialactivity;broadindicationsforsystemicuseOfloxacin(Floxin)Ortho-McNeilPharmaceuticals200-,300-,and400-mgtablets;solutionofIVinfusion(4mg/mL,50mL)Improvedantibacterialactivity;broadindicationsforsystemicuseEnoxacin(Penetrex)Rhône-PoulencRorer200-and400-mgtabletsImprovedantibacterialactivity;broadindicationsforsystemicuseLomefloxacin*(Maxaquin)Unimed400-mgtabletsImprovedantibacterialactivity;broadindicationsforsystemicuseLevofloxacin(Levaquin)Ortho-McNeilPharmaceuticals250-and500-mgtablets;solutionforIVinfusion(500mg/20mL)Improvedactivityagainstgram-positiveandatypicalpathogensSparfloxacin*(Zagam)Rhône-PoulencRorer200-mgtabletsImprovedactivityagainstgram-positiveandatypicalpathogensTrovafloxacin(Trovan)PfizerInc100-and200-mgtablets;solutionforIVinfusioninsingle-usevialsImprovedactivityagainstgram-positiveandatypicalpathogensInvestigationalfluoroquinolonesMoxifloxacinImprovedactivityagainstgram-positivebacteria,atypicalpathogens,andanaerobesGatifloxacinClinafloxacinGemifloxacinSitafloxacin硝基呋喃类Nitrofurans呋喃妥因nitrofurantoin泌尿道抗菌药Urinaryantiseptics呋喃唑酮furanzolidone(痢特灵)肠道感染—肠炎、菌痢抗幽门螺杆菌—胃溃疡硝基咪唑类Nitromidazoles甲硝唑metronidazole厌氧菌、混合性腹腔感染细菌性或滴虫性阴道炎抗幽门螺杆菌—胃溃疡自学!