北京宪章

【珍藏资料】北京宪章-中英文北京宪章（英文）BEIJINGCHARTERPresentedattheXXCongressoftheUIA,Beijing,23-26June1999ProfessorWuLiangyongOntheeveofthenewmillennium,wearchitectsfromallnationsoftheworldgatherinBeijing,anancientcapitaloftheOrient,forthe20thCongresswhichcelebratestheyearofJubileefortheInternationalUnionofArchitects.Thepresentisbornofthepast,andyetthefuturerestswiththepresent.Weareheretoreflectonthepast,toaccountforthepresent,andultimatelytoformulateaconsciousplanofactionforabetterandliveablehumanhabitatofthe21stcentury.Theworld'sgeographicaldistanceshaveshrunk,althoughtheregionaldisparitiesaregrowing.Yetthisagehasendowedallofuswithacommonmission.Itrequiresustocometotermswiththepresent,facethechallenges,developaholisticthinkingandco-ordinateourefforts.1COMINGTOTERMSWITHOURCENTURIES1.1The20thcentury:unparalleledconstructionanddestructionThe20thcenturyhasseenunprecedentedmagnificenceandprogress,andalsoincomparablecalamityandconfusion.The20thcenturyhasenrichedthehistoryofarchitectureinitsuniquemanner:architectshaveplayedanadmirableroleinthereconstructionthatfollowedthetwoworldwars;technicalandartisticinnovationsonamassivescalehaveintroducedfineexamplesofdesigntothepopulouslikeneverbefore.But,thisisnottodenythatmuchofthebuiltenvironmentisstillinadeeplyunsatisfactorystate.Theverysurvivalofhumankindisunderthreatamidstsquanderingoftheworld'snaturalandculturalheritage.Inaffluentregions,redevelopmentwasoftentobecomedestructionbyconstruction;inthepoorerareas,pauperisedmassesarestrugglingtobuildtheirowncitiesoftomorrow.Overthepastcentury,theworldhasturnedintoaverydifferentplace.Yetonethingremainsthesame:wearchitectsareagainatacrossroadsasaworldprofession.1.2The21stcentury:aturningpointThediversityandcomplexityoftheworldhascreatedmuchconfusion;yetitisbutpartoftheeternalprocessofchange.Thepresentcenturyhasseenremarkablereformanddevelopmentinpolitics,economics,technology,andsociety,andtheresurgenceofhumanideas.Inthecomingcentury,thepaceoftransformationisexpectedtoaccelerate,thoughitsdirectionmaybeevenhardertotell.Inthecomingcentury,thecoexistenceofglobalisationandpluralismwillbringtoaheadtheconflictsandthecontradictionsthatcharacteriseourage.Ontheonehand,modernmeansofcommunicationhavebroughtintoclosecontactdiverseculturesandtraditions;globalintegrationofproduction,financeandtechnologycontinuestodominatedecisionmaking.Ontheotherhand,thegapbetweentherichandthepooriswideningatanalarmingrate;regionalstrifeandfinancialuncertaintiescastasinistershadowuponthehumanhabitat.Whilstweshouldnottakeontasksoutsideourprofessionalremit,itwouldbebothirresponsibleandfoolishtoignorethetorrentofsocialandculturalchangethatisredefiningthescopeofthearchitecturalprofession.Aconsciousreconsiderationoftheroleof21stcenturyarchitecturecallsforourenthusiasm,strengthandcourage.2THECHALLENGESTHATWEFACE2.1InterwovenquestionsNature'srevengeTheindustrialrevolutionunleashedtremendoushumanpower,yetmanyatriumphovernaturewasachievedataharrowingcost.Thepastcenturyhasseenpopulationexplosion,encroachmentoffarmlandanddeteriorationofwater,airandlandresources.Environmentalcrisesimpingeontheveryexistenceofhumankind.Wedonotknowenoughabouttheecosystem,yetecologicaldisastershaverevealeditsfragileconfines.Fromahistoricalpointofview,wedonotowntheworldthatwelivein:wesimplyhaveitonloanfromourchildren.Inwhatstateshallwehandovertownandcountrytoourchildren?Inwhatwaycananarchitectcontributetothefutureofhumancivilisationthroughplanninganddesign?OverwhelmingurbanisationTobettertheirlives,peoplecongregateinthecity,wherescience,technologyandculturehavebroughtaboutproductivitythathadneverbeenforeseen.The20thcenturyhasseenthebrightestlights,sofar,ofmetropolitanlife.Nevertheless,thecenturyaheadisthetrueurbaneraas,forthefirsttimeinhistory,urbandwellerswilloutnumberthosewholiveintraditionalruralways.Yet,hardlyhadtheslumsbeendemolished,didthecitiesseetheresurgenceofanunderclass.Segregationoftherichandthepoor,congestionoftrafficandlanduse,andpersistenceofnoiseandemissionshaveworsenedincitieslargeandsmall.Canourcitiessurvive?Webuildthecities;yetwhydowefeelsopowerlesswhenweattempttomakeanychange?Inwhatwaycanweshapetheurbanhabitat,asitshapesusatthesametime?Willthetraditionalconceptssurviveinthecitiesofthenextcentury?Technologyasadouble-edgedswordInthepastcenturymoderntechnologyincreasedproductivitytoadegreeneverbeforeexperienced.Newmaterials,newstructuresandnewequipmenthaveprovideduniqueopportunitiesforthedesignersofthe20thcentury.Modernmeansofcommunicationhavebroughtthediverseculturesintoclosecontact.Technologyhasledmankindtoanewcrossroads,yetwearestillintheprocessofharnessingitspowerandpotential.Technologymodifiesthetraditionalrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,andthusconstantlychallengestheexistingnormsoflifestylesandvalues.Inwhatwaycanhumankindderivebenefitsfromtechnology,whilstavoidingtheharmofwhichitisshowntobecapable?GeniuslociindefaultThecultureofarchitecturecomesfromalocalaccumulationofhistory.Itmanifestsitselfamongthebuiltformsandinday-to-dayliving,exertingavoicelessinfluenceontheexperienceandbeha