英语语言学实用教程课件

Lecture7ThemeaningofEnglish(I)ReviewWhatarecommonmeansofcohesioninEnglish?Whatdowemeanbyconversationalrepair?Contents7.1Thenotionofsemantics7.2Semanticproperties7.3Semanticrelations7.4Senseandreference7.1ThenotionofsemanticsSemanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflanguage(andthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage).Themeaningof‘mean’ASK:Whatdoes‘mean’meanineachofthefollowingsentences?(1)Whatdoes‘tall’mean?(2)Anodmeansagreement.(3)Iknowtheplaceyoumean.(4)Yourpresencewouldmeanalottome.(5)Iamsorry.Ididn’tmeantobelate.(6)Theboywasn’tmeanttobethere.(1)Whatdoes‘tall’mean?(signify)(2)Anodmeansagreement.(indicate)(3)Iknowtheplaceyoumean.(referto)(4)Yourpresencewouldmeanalottome.(matter)(5)Iamsorry.Ididn’tmeantobelate.(intend)(6)Theboywasn’tmeanttobethere.(supposedto)More:(7)Hewasmeanttobecomeajournalistratherthanalawyer.(destined)(8)Hedoesn’tknowthemeaningoftheword‘fear’.(sense)(9)Ifthat’sthecase,hissacrificenolongerhasanymeaning.(significance)ApproachestothestudyofmeaningtraditionalapproachstructuralistapproachfunctionalapproachpragmaticapproachcognitiveapproachTraditionalapproachA.Naming/labelingvs.convention“moon”PP.111-112No.10PresentationSessionThenamingofpeopleinEnglishStructuralistapproachTreatsmeaningassemanticstructuresformedbysemanticcomponents/semanticfeatures--componentialanalysis(语义成分分析）.ComponentialanalysisCAisaprocessthatbreaksdownthemeaningofawordintoitsminimaldistinctivefeaturesorproperties(semanticcomponents/features)usingfeaturesymbols(metalanguage元语言).woman----[+HUMAN][–MALE][+ADULT]boy----[+HUMAN][+MALE][–ADULT]girl---[+HUMAN][-MALE][-ADULT]FunctionalapproachGeoffreyLeech(1983),Semantics.Treatsmeaningwithreferencetoitsfunctionincontext,toshowhowlinguistic,situationalandsocialcontextsaffectsthemeaningoflanguage.Seventypesofmeaning-conceptualmeaning:logical,cognitive,denotativecontent-associativemeanings:connotativemeaningsocial/stylisticmeaningaffectivemeaningreflectedmeaningcollocativemeaning-thematicmeaninga.Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)Theconceptualordenotativemeaningofalinguisticformistheperson,object,abstractnotion,eventorstatewhichthewordorsentencedenotes.e.g.school,hospitalb.ConnotativemeaningDefinition:itisthecommunicativevalue/subjectiveinterpretationattachedtoitspurelyconceptualmeaning.e.g.:Themanisafox.statesman,politicianCharacteristicsConnotationsarerelativelyunstable.Theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtosociety,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Theconnotativemeaningcanbethesame/differentindifferentlanguagesorcultures.e.g.:fox,machineBUT:dragon,dog,elephant(WhiteElephant)ASK:Whatdoes‘whiteelephant’meaninEnglish?ABCPositiveconnotationNeutralNegativeconnotationstoutfatcorpulentinvestigatordetectivespydeceasediepeggedoutslimthinskinnystrong-mindedfirmpig-headedpublicservantgovernmentemployeebureaucratConnotation:c.Social/stylisticmeaningItreferstowhatlanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Itrelatestopeople’srecognitionofdifferentdimensionsandlevelsofstylewiththesamelanguage.（社会/文体意义）steed(poetic)residence(formal)horse(general)abode(poetic)nag(slang)home(general)gee-gee(babylanguage)domicile(veryformal,official)throw(general)tiny(colloquial)chuck(casual,slang)diminutive(veryformal)cast(literal,biblical)wee(colloquial,dialectal)d.AffectivemeaningIthastodowiththepersonalfeelingsofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.It’softenexplicitlyconveyedthroughconceptualorconnotativecontentofthewordsused.（情感意义）“You’reavicioustyrantandvillainandIhateyou!”Iamterriblysorrytointerrupt,butIwonderifyouwouldbesokindastoloweryourvoicesalittle.Shutup!Keepyourmouthshut!e.ReflectedmeaningReflectedmeaning:themeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordissostrongthatitformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Example:wordshavingataboomeaning,suchas‘gay’,‘intercourse’（反映意义）f.CollocativemeaningItreferstotheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofitsmutualexpectancywithsomeotherwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.Example:prettyandhandsomepretty{girl,boy,woman,flower,etc.}handsome{boy,man,car,vessel,etc.}cowsmaywander,butmaynotstroll.onetrembleswithfear,butquiverwithexcitement.（搭配意义）g.ThematicMeaningItreferstowhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsofordering,focus,andemphasis.e.g.:(1)Heisfamiliartome.(2)I’mfamiliarwithhim.（主位意义）a.Amaniswaitinginthehall.b.There’samanwaitinginthehall.a.Mybrotherownsthelargestbetting-shopinLondon.b.Thelargestbetting-shopinLondonbelongstomybrother.a.WhatIneedisaticket.b.AticketiswhatIneed.PragmaticapproachTreatmeaningaswhatiscommunicatedthroughlanguage,takingintoaccountthecontext,languageuser,communicativeconventionsandprinciples,etc.I’minabath.Son:ThephoneisringingDad,thephoneisringing!ASK:Whatdoesthefathermean?CognitiveapproachMeaningextensionsofwordsseenasmetaphoricalormetonymicprocesses.[Tobedetailedinnextlecture]7.2SemanticpropertiesWordsareseenascomposedofuniversalsemanticpropertiesorfeatures.P.105DiscussPP.107-108No.27.3SemanticrelationsA.Sy