搜索
英语说明文（Exposition）•Briefintroductionofexposition•writingtechniques•exerciseWhatisexpositoin?•说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，介绍事物的形状、构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结果等特征的文章。说明的目的是给读者提供知识，使之了解客观世界，掌握解决问题的方法。•常见的说明文有：解说词、说明书、书文简介、内容提要、科普小品、，商品介绍，旅游指南、操作规程和景物介绍等结构：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。总-分-总。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明writingtechniques(写作技巧)•1.罗列法（listing）•在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…andfinally加以罗列说明。BenefitofEarlyRising•Earlyrising（早起）ishelpfulinmorethanoneway.•First，ithelpstokeepusfit（健康）.Wecanhaveabreathoffreshairintheearlymorning.Besides，wecandogoodtoourhealthfromdoingmorningexercise（做早操）。Secondly，earlyrisinghelpsusinourstudies.Welearnmorequicklyinthemorning，andfinditeasiertorememberwhatwelearninthemorning.Thirdly，earlyrisingenables（使能够）ustoplantheworkoftheday.Wecannotworkwellwithoutagoodplan.Justastheplanfortheyearshouldbemadeinthespring，sotheplanforthedayshouldbemadeinthemorning.Fourthly，earlyrisinggivesusenoughtimetogetreadyforourwork，suchastowashourfacesandhandsandeatourbreakfastproperly.•Laterisersmayfinditverydifficulttoformthehabitofearlyrising.Theyoughttomakespecialeffortstodoso.AstheEnglishproverbsays，“Earlytobedandearlytorise，makesamanhealthy，wealthyandwise.”•So,everybodyshoulddevelopthegoodhabitofearlyrising.•罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：•Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall，…Secondly，…Andfinally，…•WeshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall，…Secondly，…Andfinally，2.举例法（examples）•举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用forexample，forinstance，…等词语引出。•Inordertopreventnon-smokersfrombeingaffected,measuresmustbetakentoreducethechancesofsmoking.•Alotofworkcanbedoneconcerningthis.Forexample,insomepublicplaces,suchasinthetheatresandcinemas,smokingshouldbeforbidden.Evenonthetrainorplanepeopleshouldnotbeallowedtosmoke.Doctors,teachersandgovernmentleadersshouldtaketheleadnottosmoke.Aboveall,theharmfulnessanddangerscausedbysmokingshouldbemadeknowntoallthroughnewspapers,broadcast,orTVprograms.Alsothegrowingoftobaccoandtheproductionofcigarettesshouldnotbeencouraged.•Ifthesemeasurescanbetaken,wecaneffectivelyreducethechancesofsmoking.3.比较法（comparisonandcontrast）•比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）•Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebrate•hisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyones•oftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentspublicly.•Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.•Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.4.定义法（definition）•定义句的模式是：•被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语•可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：•Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson（以……为食品）fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird.•下定义是多方面的，可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。•Anidealteachermusthavethefollowingcharacteristics.Heshouldknowhissubject,buthecanmakemistakesifheiswillingtolearn.Hispersonalityisasimportantashisscholarship.Anidealteachermustbeenthusiastic.Heshouldbeabitofanactorandheshouldn’tbeafraidtoshowhisfeelingsandexpresshislikesanddislikes.Anidealteacherisonewhogrows,learns,andimproveshimselfalongwithhisstudents.6.过程分析法•过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤，然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系，但彼此又有明显区别。叙事研究的对象是“Whathappens”；因果关系研究的对象是“Whyithappens”，而过程分析研究的对象是“Howithappens”。例如：•Thereareseveralstepstoplantatree.First,digaholelargeenoughforthetree,buttheholeshouldnotbetoodeep.Second,putthetreeintheholesothatitisstraight.Third,puttheearthbackintotheholeagain.Pushitdownhardwithyourfootseveraltimes.Finally,waterthetreewell,asoftenaspossible.