cause_and_effect 英语说明文写作中的因果关系

Presenter:ShellDate:1st,AprilQuestionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered.Why?DefinitionWordsandphrasesOrganizeparagraphrelationshipCause&EffectTellreaderswhysomethinghappenedTellreaderstheresultsofsomethingCauseEffecteffectsThereforesoasaresult,consequentlyaccordinglybecauseofthisThus.henceforthisreasonresultincausesduetobecauseofowingtoasaresultofonaccountofforonthegroundofThroughBecausesinceasonthegroundthatTransitionalWordsandPhrases•therefore,consequently,asaresult,andforthisreason通常后面接逗号•Theweatherwascold;therefore,Sallyclosedthewindow.Theweatherwascold.Therefore,Sallyputonhercoat.•Theweatherwascold.Consequently,Sallyputonherscarf.•Ablizzardhitthetown.Asaresult,theschoolswereclosed.•Since,because置于表示原因的句子前，句后用逗号.•Becausetheweatheroutsidewascold,Sallyclosedthewindow.•so前面的句子后加逗号•Theweatherwaswarm,soJimturnedontheairconditioner.TherearetwowaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffectTostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecausesTostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffectsExample:whatarethereasonsfortheincreasingrateofcaraccidents?Example:whataretheresultsofAmericanpopulationgettingolder?Accordingtoofficialstatistics,morethan10,000peopleinthecountrywerekilledincaraccidentslastyear.Theincreasingrateofcaraccidentscanbeattributedtothreegeneralcauses.Mechanicalproblemsofcars,suchasfaultybrakes,baldtires,andflattires,contributetothehighrateofcaraccidents.Environmentalproblems,suchasblindcorners,narrowstreets,heavyfog,slipperyroadscauseasignificantnumberofdisasters.Sucherrorsofhumanproblemsasexcessivespeedanddrunkendrivingareconsideredthemajorfactorofthefatalaccidents.Ifdrivershadbeencareful,manyneedlessslaughtersincaraccidentscouldhavebeenavoided.Thetopicsentenceindicatesthattheparagraphfocusesonthecauses.ArecentcensusreportedthattheAmericanpopulationisrapidlygettingolder.Theagingofthenationwillbringaboutseriouseffects.Themostobviouseffectisperhapsaneconomicone:howwillthecountrybearthecostofcaringfortoomanyoldpeople?Theoldareconsiderablymoreexpensivetomaintain.Theynowlivemainlyathomeandneedmoreservices,andmedicalcostsatpresentarealmosttwicethebillforpeopleunder65.Tosupporttheold,thesocial-securitysystemalreadypaysmorethanitreceives,andwithinamatteroffouryears,itwillnotbeabletohelptheretired.Then,tokeepthesystemgoing,workingAmericanswillsimplyhavetoworkharderandreceivelesspay.Effect1:takingcareoftheoldcostingmoremoneyEffect2:thesocialsecuritysystemlosingmoneyEffect3:workingAmericansworkingharderbutgettinglesspayFourpatternsofcause-effectrelationshipSingle-cause-single-effectpatternSingle-cause-many-effectspatternMany-causes-single-effectpatternCausalchainpatterncauseeffectcause1cause2cause3effect1effect2effect3Whatisthecauseofairpollution?What’stheeffectsofsmoking?ExhaustgasfromcarsUncontrolledfactorygassesBurningoflowqualitycoalAirpollutionSmokingDoharmtopeople’shealthOftencausefiresWastemoneyCasualChainJim’sfatherhasabadtemper,andheoftenbeatsJim’smotherandthekids.(familyviolence)Jim’smotherleavesJim’sfather,takingthechildrenwithher.WithonlyJim’smother’sincome,thefamilyhaslessmoney,sothefamilyexperiencesfinancialproblems.Jim’smothermovesinwithherboyfriendtohelpthefamilyfinances.Jimfeelsunwantedinhisnewhomeandrunsaway.ahomelesschildcauseeffect(cause)effect(cause)effect(cause)effectthemostimmediateeffectSoundReasoningorlogicWhendiscussingcausesandeffects,makesureyouranalysisisoflogic.YoumustnottakeitforgrantedthateventAcauseseventBsimplybecauseeventAoccursbeforeeventB.Inotherwords,youmustexplainclearlywhatreallybringsaboutaparticularresult.PossibleShiftinorderIncause-and-effectwriting,itseemsconvenienttostatetheeffectfirstandthenanalyzethecauses.Thereverseorder,however,istobepreferredwhenonecauseleadstoanumberofeffects.TopicSentence--Itshouldtellwhattobediscussedintheparagraph;--Itshouldalsoindicatewhetherthefocusoftheparagraphisonthecauseortheeffect.1.IfyoustaywithTomforaday,youwillknowwhyheisgainingweight.(cause)2.AlthoughtheAmericanCivilWarturnedmanybrothersandsistersintoenemies,itsolvedsomebigpoliticalandeconomicproblemsofthecountry.(effect)3.Alackofessentialvitaminscanresultinseriousillness.(effect)4.TherearethreereasonswhyIwanttostayinasmalltown.(cause)Topicsentence:Iplaytabletennisforthreereasons.I.Sub-topicsentence:It’seasyfun.1.Haveknowntherulesforalongtime;2.Notdangerous.II.Sub-topicsentence:Itrelaxesme.1.Enjoyplayingwithfriends;2.Agoodbreakfromstudies.III.Sub-topicsentence:Itallowsmetomeetnewpeople.1.Traveltootherplacesforgames;2.CompetewithstudentsfromotherfacultiesHomework:analyzethecausesofoneofyourhobbies?