树枝状高分子简介2008年9月从多官能团内核出发,通过支化基元逐步重复生长,形成具有高度支化结构的树枝状三维大分子。树形大分子的介绍Tomalia在1985年利用发散法首次合成树形聚(酰胺—胺)型大分子Hawker等人在1989年利用收敛法合成树形冠醚大分子Balzani等人在1992年首次报道了有机过渡金属树形大分子Percec等人在1995年首次报道了液晶型的树形大分子化合物树形大分子的发展和研究现状目前,二十多类,200多种树形大分子被合成出来树形大分子的合成方法分散法收敛法核心出发逐步引入单体。代数高,分子量大;易有缺陷,产物与反应物不易分离。构造外围分支,由核心连接。空间位阻,速率慢;缺陷少,产物与反应物易分离。I.Tomalia.J.Polymer.1985,17,117.C.Hawker,J.Frechet.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1990,112,7638.C.Dufes,I.F.Uchegbu,A.G.Schatzlein.AdvDrugDeliRev.2005,57,2177PAMAM(聚酰胺-胺)合成过程中心有核内部有空腔,大量支化单元表面均匀分布可修饰的官能基团体积、形状、功能基以及分子量都可以在分子水平精确控制-单分散性高度支化,具有规整,精致的完美结构,高代数呈球形。纳米级尺寸。良好的溶解性,低的黏度。树形大分子的结构特点和性质低黏度、高溶解性纳米层、聚合液晶、超分子内部受体封装胶团能量和电子转移分子识别催化剂、传感器氧化还原特性外部受体树形大分子的结构特点和性质A.M.Caminade.LaboratoiredeChimiedeCoordinationduCNRS205,routedeNarbonne,31077Toulousecedex4,FRANCE,2005树形大分子的应用超分子化学的应用催化剂方面的应用生物医学方面的应用光学方面的应用其他方面的应用超分子的应用主-客体体系V.Balzani,F.Vögtle.C.R.Chimie.2003,6,867Fig.1.Schematicrepresentationof(a)aconventionalfluorescentsensorand(b)afluorescentsensorwithsignalamplification.Openrhombiindicatecoordinationsitesandblackrhombiindicatemetalions.Thecurvedarrowsrepresentquenchingprocesses.Inthecaseofadendrimer,theabsorbedphotonexcitesasinglefluorophorecomponent,i.e.quenchedbythemetalion,regardlessofitsposition.超分子的应用分子自组装Y.Liu,M.Zhao,D.E.Bergbreiter.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1997,119,8720Fig.2.SchematicillustrationofthepH-switchable“On/Off”functionofthecompositefilm.ThepolyaminedendrimerunitsarecovalentlyattachedtotheGantrezpolymernetwork.AthighpHthefilmhasanetnegativechargethatexcludesanionsbutpassescations;atlowpHitispositivelychargedandexcludescationsbutpassesanions;andatintermediatepH,itpassesbothcationsandanions.催化剂方面的应用纳米尺寸,形成纳米微环境催化活性中心有可变性减少金属催化剂流失分子结构可精确控制Fig.3.Shape-selectiveolefinepoxidationusingdendrimerswithamanganese(iii)porphyrincoreascatalystsP.Bhyrappa,J.K.Young,J.S.Moore,K.S.Suslick.J.MolCatalA.1996,113.109催化剂方面的应用Fig.4.Epoxidationresultsfortheintermolecularmixtureofalkenes.Theratiosoftheepoxidesarenormalizedwithrespecttocorresponding[Mn(TPP)]+values.Errorsareestimatedat(5%relative.substrate/dendrimeraconversion,%turnoverno.353to1903181760to19216193530to194331817600to19917400Fig.5Aunimolecularreversemicellethatefficientlycatalyzestheeliminationoftertiaryhalides.Thenonpolarcorona(yellow)shieldsthepolarinterior(blue)ofhydroxylfunctionalities,whichareabletostabilizethecarbocationintermediate.M.E.Piotti,F.Rivera,R.Bond,C.J.Hawker,J.M.J.Frechet.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1999,121,9471催化剂方面的应用Table1.EffectofChangingtheDendrimerStructureandConcentrationontheYieldandTurnoverNumberfortheE1EliminationReaction(Reactionperformedfor43hat70oCaThemolarratio.Fig.6CompetitiveHydrogenationsof3-Cyclohexene-1-methanolandCyclohexeneUsingVariousPdCatalysts.Reactionconditions:3-cyclohexene-1-methanol0.5mmol,cyclohexene0.5mmol,catalyst5.0μmolofPd,toluene12.5mL,H21atm,30oC.树状大分子封装金属粒子(1)小于4nm纳米粒子,比表面积大、催化效率高(2)表面基团控制——溶解性(3)能很好的稳定纳米粒子,并创造纳米微环境(4)能再生使用M.Ooe,M.Murata,T.Mizugaki,K.Ebitani,K.Kaneda.NanoLett.2002,2,999催化剂方面的应用生物医学的应用Fig.7approachesfordesignofdrugdeliverysystems.药物载体内部空腔和结合点可以携带药物。高密度表面基团经过修饰,改变水溶性和靶向作用。毒性较低,通过扩散和生物降解实现药物释放。分子设计实现生物相溶性和降解性。R.Duncan,L.Izzo.AdvancedDrugDeliveryReviews.2005,57,2215外层用聚乙二醇修饰的聚芳醚类树形单分子胶束,疏水内层和亲水外层,在水溶液中有很强的增溶能力,每个胶束能包容9-10个疏水性消炎痛药物分子,具有明显的缓释作用。Fig.9.StructureoftheG–2dendriticunimolecularmicelle.药物载体M.Liu,K.Kono,J.M.J.Frechet.JournalofControlledRelease.2000,65,121Fig.8.InvitroreleaseprofileofindomethacinfromtheG–3dendriticunimolecularmicelle.病毒:它的体积也小,转染效率就相对较低.核酸:容易受到细胞毒素的损害。质粒DNA:易受到血浆和血清蛋白的降解.脂质体:它有细胞毒性反应。基因载体U.Boas,P.M.H.Heegaard.Chem.Soc.Rew.2004,33,43.D.A.Tomalia.Prog.Polym.Sci..2005,30,294生物医学的应用Fig.10.Toprow:Threedimensionaldepictionofconformationalchangeofanamino-terminatedPAMAMdendrimeratincreasingpH.Middlerow:Two-dimensionaldepictionoftheconformationalchangeofanamino-terminatedPAMAMdendrimeruponincreasingpH.Fig.9Theclosedimensionalsize(nm)ofselectedproteinstorespectivegenerationsof[ammoniacore]-dendri–PAMAM-(NH2)zdendrimer.与许多重要蛋白质和生物组装分子的大小及形状很匹配。PAMAM生理条件下为聚阳离子,且有很好的溶解性,末端胺基很容易与DNA中的带负电的磷酸基相互作用。内部有空腔,促进DNA结合的复合物的稳定性。基因载体J.Dennig,E.Duncan.ReviewsinMolecularBiotechnology.2002,90,339.Fig.11Modelofactivateddendrimer-mediatedDNAuptake.Inthefirststepofthetransfectionprocess,theDNAactivated-dendrimercomplexbindstothesurfaceofthecell.Thecomplexisthentakenintothecellbyendocytosis,andincorporatedintotheendosomeofthecell.FromtheendosometheDNAisreleasedintothecytosol.AsmallpercentageofthereleasedDNAreachesthenucleus,whereitistranscribedintoRNA.InthelaststeptheRNAistransportedbackintothecytosolandthentranslatedintoprotein.Theexactpathwayandmetabolismoftransfectionreagentsafterreleaseintothecytosolarestillunclear.聚阳离子末端基团:DNA相互作用(紧密结构)有效键合到真核细胞表面细胞内吞缓冲细胞内PH,确保复合物稳定核磁共振造影剂(MRI)生物医学的应用M.Fischer,F.Vgtle.Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.1999,38,884.大量表面基团和空腔:可以增加造影剂复合物的数量完美结构,大分子尺寸:从血液循环排除慢,成像时间长增加成像的灵敏度和清晰度(驰豫时间长)H.Kobayashi,S.Kawamoto,T.Saga,N.Sato,T.Ishimori,J.Konishi,K.Ono,K.Togashi,M.W.Brechbiel.BioconjugateChem.2001,12,587.核磁共振造影剂(MRI)Fig.12.FlowchartoftheprotocolforpreparingAvidin-G6-(1B4M-Gd)254.Fig.13Mic