专四语法名词的数和格

名词分类按构词法简单名词(SimpleNoun)复合名词(CompoundNoun)派生名词(DerivativeNoun)按词汇意义普通名词(CommonNoun):个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词专有名词(ProperNoun)按语法特征可数名词(Count/CountableNoun)不可数名词(Non-count/UncountableNoun)名词词组的句法功能名词词组的结构模式（限定词）+（前置修饰语）+名词+（后置修饰语）amostlovelylittleboywhosemotherisadoctorsomecrisp,tasty,redapplesIjustboughtforChristmas名词词组的用法（除谓语外的各种成分）1.Childrenatplayseldomrememberwhattimeitis.2.Mygrandfatherdiedamartyrtohisrevolutionaryideal.3.Theyselectedhimchairmanoftheboard.4.MrBrown,directorofthecoalmine,shouldberesponsiblefortheaccident.5.Withinthehousenothingstirs.InthegardenIcanhearthesingingofbirds.Icanheartherustleoftheirwings.6.Hereturnedlastnight.7.Aphotoistakeneachtime(=whenever)thisbuttonispushed.名词的数（SingularNumber,PluralNumber)规则复数与不规则复数规则复数：在单数名词后加-s/-es不规则复数：通过内部元音变换或其他方式（少数名词和外来词）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数规则复数大部分名词：加词尾-s以-s,-x,-sh,-ch,-z结尾的名词：加词尾-es以-y结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-es以o结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-es以-f/-fe结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-es大部分名词：加词尾-s在/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/等轻辅音后读/s/:maps,books,boats,roofs在/b/,/d/,/g/,/v/,/l/,/m/等浊辅音和元音后读/z/:verbs,birds,dogs,boys,seas,hills在/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/dʒ/,/tʃ/等辅音后读/iz/:roses,places,houses,bridges,colleges,faces以-th结尾的名词加词尾-s:长元音之后读/ðz/:baths,mouths,paths,laths短元音或辅音之后（包括-rth）读/θs/:months,moths,berths少数/ðz/或/θs/皆可：youths,oaths,sheaths,truths以-s,-x,-sh,-ch,-z结尾的名词：加词尾-es,读作/iz/:gasesclassesboxesbuzzeschurchesbenches以-y结尾的名词：以辅音+y结尾的：变-y为-i,再加-es,读/iz/:parties,ladies,universities,spies,skies,factories以-quy结尾的名词：变-y为-i,再加-es,读/z/:soliloquy--soliloquies以-y结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s,读/z/:Marys,Germanys以元音+y结尾的名词：加词尾-s,读/z/:rays,boys,days,joys,plays,toys以o结尾的名词：以元音/元音字母+o（包括oo)结尾的名词：加词尾-s,读/z/:radios,portfolios,studios,embryos,bamboos,kangaroos,zoos,cuckoos某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾-es,读/z/:negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes,echoes,torpedoes,vetoes,embargoes某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾-s,读/z/:pianos,kilos,memos,autos,quartos（四开本）,solos（独奏）,cellos（大提琴）,sopranos（女高音）,altos（女低音）少数以o结尾的名词：加词尾-s或-es均可,读/z/:某些以-o结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s,读/z/:Filipinos,Romeos以-f/-fe结尾的名词：多数加词尾-s，读/s/:serfs,gulfs,beliefs,chiefs,cliffs,griefs,roofs,safes小故事串记：一个悲伤(grief)的首领(chief)带着一个信任(belief)他的农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上突然发现一个屋顶(roof)，上面有个保险箱(safe)。少数变-f/-fe为-v，再加-es,读/vz/:knives,halves,lives,shelves,thieves,selves,leaves,wolves,calves,loaves小故事串记：小偷(thief)自己（self）和妻子(wife)冒着生命(life)危险偷了半(half)条面包(loaf)，然后用树叶(leaf)做了一把小刀(knife)，杀了一只母狼(wolf），宰了一头小牛（calf），把它们藏在柜子（shelf）里。极少数两者都行,读/s/或/vz/:dwarfs,dwarves,handkerchiefs,handkerchieves,hoofs,hoovesscarfs,scarves,不规则复数通过内部元音变换foot—feet;goose—geese;tooth—teethmouse—mice;louse—liceman—men;woman—womenchild—childrenox--oxen外来词的复数（1）stratum—strata（阶层）;datum—data;agendum—agenda(现代英语中作单数）alumnus—alumni;alumna—alumnaebasis—bases;thesis—theses;crisis—crisesparenthesis—parentheses;hypothesis—hypotheses外来词的复数（2）memorandum—memoranda—memorandums(备忘录）curriculum—curricula—curriculums(课程)sanatorium—sanatoria—sanatoriums(疗养院)medium—media--mediums（媒体）formula—formulae—formulas(公式)antenna—antennae—antennas(天线)index—indices—indexes(索引)appendix—appendices--appendixes（附录）plateau—plateaux—plateaus(高原)cactus—cacti—cactuses(仙人掌)focus—foci--focuses（焦点）nucleus—nuclei--nucleuses（核心）radius—radii--radiuses（辐射线）terminus—termini--terminuses（终点）pennypence:sixpence,tenpence(表钱数，几便士）pennies：若干个一便士的硬币（几个便士）Ifthepriceofareelofcottonisfourpence,youhandoverfourpenniesforit.单复同形的名词deer,sheep,fish,trout（鲑鱼）Swiss,Japanese,Chinese,Portuguesecraft,aircraft,hovercraft(气垫船)，spacecraftbarracks,headquarters,means,works,series,species本身是复数的名词(谓语动词也用复数)由两部分组成的服装用复数：pants,pajamas,trousers裤子由两部分组成的工具和仪器用复数：binoculars,glasses,scales,scissors,spectacles其他一些词用复数：arms,damages（损害赔偿、赔偿费）earnings（收入）,goods/wares（货物、商品）,greens(青菜),grounds（木砖）,outskirts（郊区）,pains,riches（财富、财产）,savings,spirits（精力、情绪、烈酒）,stairs（楼梯）,surroundings（环境）,valuables（贵重物品）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数集体名词的数（三种情况）poetry—poemmachinery—machineclothing—garment,coat…furniture—table,chair…cutlery—knifeequipment—toolweaponry—gun,pistol…foliage—leafcorrespondence—letterluggage—trunk,bag…police—policemanclergy--clergyman物质名词的数sand,sands(大面积的沙滩）water,waters（大面积的水域）food,foods(多种食品)coffee,twocoffees(作个体名词，表两杯咖啡)rubber(橡胶）--rubbers(胶鞋)stone（石料）--stones（石头）egg（蛋渍/蛋白）--eggs（一个个的蛋）lamb（羔羊肉）--lambs（羔羊）onion（洋葱味）--onions（洋葱头）抽象名词的数有些抽象名词可数：avictory/twovictories;aconference/twoconferences有些抽象名词有复数形式，但不能计数:difficulties;opinions;sympathies(同情、怜悯、慰问）有些抽象名词有复数与非复数形式，其义不同：experience/experiences;relation/relations;youth/youths(男青年）;worry/worries(烦恼事);distraction/distractions;business/businesses(商店/商行)有些抽象名词本身没有复数形式，可用语义对应的个体名词来计数：laughter—laugh;work—job;correspondence—letter/notephotograph—photo;permission—permit;music—song;fun—joy;homework--exercise表示该名词相关的抽象意义有些可数名词不可数化:tohavetoomuchfamily=tooheavyfamilyburdentohavetoomuchwinter=atoolongspellofcoldweathertohavetoomuchmouth=totalktoomuchtohavetoolittleear=tobenotinclinedtolistentootherstohaveroomfor=tohaveaneedfortofeelthepatriotrise=tofeelthepatrioticfeelingsrise表示人的特质等抽象意义tobefoolenough=tobefoolishenoughmoreofafoolthan=morefoolishthanlessofafoolthan=lessfoolishthanasmuchofafoo