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TheU.SCourtSystemBasicintroductionThedual-tracksystemisusedintheUnitedStatescourtsystem.onesideisthefederalcourts,statecourtsonanotherside,bothsidesareindependentandparallel,untiltheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates---ThefederalSupremeCourt.Bothfederalcourtandstatecourt,whethercommonorspecial,thecourt’sbasicfunctionsaredividedintotwokinds:onekindisaTrialcourt,anotheristhecourtofappeals.美国的法院系统为“双轨制”，一边是联邦法院，一边是州法院，二者独立且平行，直到联邦最高法院,即合众国最高法院.无论是联邦法院还是州法院，无论是普通法院还是特别法院，都可以根据基本职能不同而分为两种：一种是审判法院（TrialCourts），一种是上诉法院（AppellateCourts）。TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt美国联邦最高法院.U.S.CourtsofAppeals联邦上诉法院StateSupreme(Highest)Courts州最高法院U.S.DistrictCourt联邦区法院U.S.claimscourt索赔法庭U.S.Taxcourt税务法庭U.S.Bankruptcycourt破产法庭U.S.Courtofinternationaltrade国际贸易法庭StateCourtsofAppeals州上诉法院TrialCourts初审法院theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesDifferentCompetence(管理权限)betweenfederalcourtandstatecourtThefederalcourtacceptthecasearound2%ofthetotal,thesecasesaremainlyconvictedbycongressionallegislation(国会立法).Mostofthecasesinvolvingfederalregulations(suchastax,socialsecurity,etc.),casesinvolvingregulationofinterstateandinternationalbusiness(suchasaviation(航空),railwayenterprise,etc.),casesinvolvingsecuritiesandcommoditiesregulation,maritime(海商),internationaltrade,bankruptcy,patents,royaltiesandothercasesinvolvingtreatyrights,foreignnationalitypersonage,aboutthemultiplenationalitiesinterstate(州际的)disputecase.Statecourtacceptthecasearound98%ofthetotal,thesecasesaremainlyconvictedbythestatelegislature,andcasesrelatedtothestateconstitution,andcasesinvolvingstatelawsandregulations,thefamilycases,estatecase,disputesbetweenlandlordandtenant(承租人),privatecontractdisputecase(exceptbankruptcy),involvingprofessionalnegligence(玩忽职守),accident,probate(遗嘱检查)andinheritance(遗产继承),partofthetrafficviolations(违规)andmotorvehicleregistration(动车注册).TheAmericanjurysystema)Thejuryonlyresponsibleforthemurder,kidnapping,deliberatelyharmsuchfelonyconvictions,suchasdivorce,custodyofthechildrenofsuchsmallcaseswithoutajury.陪审团只负责给凶杀、绑架、故意伤害这样的重罪定罪，比如离婚、孩子的抚养权这样的小案子就没有陪审团。b)Ifitisforseveralcrimesverdict,thejuryhastherighttodecidewhichisresponsiblefor,andwhichisnoguilty.如果是数罪一并裁决，陪审团有权利决定哪个有罪哪个无需负责。c)Thejurywouldnottoinvestigatethefacts,onlydefenseforlawyer,witnesstestimonyinthecourt,theydeterminewhetherthesuspectcommitacrime,butthespecificsentencingrightsownedbythejudge.陪审团不去调查事实，只在法庭上替律师辩护、证人证词，他们来决定嫌疑犯是否犯罪成立，但具体量刑权利归法官。d)Oncethedecisionmadebyjury,itcan’tbeoverwhelmedbythejudge.陪审团一经决定法官不可推翻裁决。TheU.S.federalcourttrialprocedure美国联邦法院审判程序１．Ameetingbeforeopeningcourt(庭前会议过程)2．Investigatingprocess(调查过程)3．Choosingjury(选择陪审员)4．Makefirstspeech(首轮陈辞)５．Comeupwithevidence(提出证据)６．Endspeech(结束陈辞)７．Pronouncejudgment(宣判结果)Christianfundamentalism•beganinthelate19th-andearly20th-century•amongBritishandAmericanProtestants（新教徒）•Thereisnounifiedorganization,thebasicprincipleisthatadheretotheChristianbeliefs,especiallytheBiblejudgmentagainstmodernismschool.Thegeneralsaystoholdtheadvocatesforfundamentalism.无统一组织，其基本主张是强调恪守基督教基本信仰，反对现代主义尤其是圣经评断学。一般称持上述主张者为基要派。Origin•From1910to1915,theBritish,Americanandsomeconservativechurchpeopleagainstmodernismandliberalism（自由主义）,haspublished12volumesofcontentandthefiveroutestoroughlythesamebooklet,“general”thefundamentals,intheAngloAmericanwidelythroughoutthegift,thewidespreadimpact,andleadtoheateddebatebetweentheconservative（保守派）andmodern.Somescholarsbelievethatitwastheoriginoffundamentalism.•In1895bytheAmericaconservativereligiousleadersdefinefiveroutesis:•InerrancyoftheBible《圣经》无误谬性。•ThevirginbirthanddeityofJesusChrist耶稣基督乃由童贞女所生，并具有神性•ThedoctrineofSalvationbyFaithAlone“唯独因信称义”的教义•HebodilyresurrectionofJesusChrist相信耶稣基督肉身复活•ThebodilysecondcomingofJesusChrist相信耶稣基督将肉身再临Development•In1925,modernistfamoustheologistHarryEmersonFosdickwasforcedtoresignfromthePresbyterianministeroffice.•ThesameyearinTennesseeDaytonCitymiddleschoolteacherSkeiKopsHusseinteachingDarwin'stheoryofevolution,waschargedwithviolationofthebiblicalcreationdoctrinewasthecourtconvicted.(backgroundofthetext)•Attheendofthe40's,fundamentalismhadnewdevelopment,manyofthenewconservativetheologianscalledNeoEvangelicalism.(新福音派)•Theyinsistedontheirfundamentaliststance,notonlypersonalsalvationbutalsopayattentiontovarioussocialproblems.DifferencebetweenFundamentalistandNeoevangelicalism•Fundamentalistisemphasizedrespectively,conservative.Neoevangelicalismemphasizedfusion,toleranceandcompromise.BasetoberepresentativeofearlynationalismhasAmericanbiblicalscholarssuchasMemura,themainrepresentativeofcontemporary,BillyGraham,Connell.Mainpublications“Christianitytoday”.(今日基督教)ModernismI.DefinitionII.Development.Beginning•ThebeginningsofmodernisminFrance•Explosion(intheearly20thcenturyto1930)•Modernismcontinues(1930–1945)•AfterWorldWarII(mainlythevisualandperformingarts)I)IntroductionII)Inthe1960safterabstractexpressionismIV.MajorideasofmodernismV.MajorphilosophicalInfluencesonmodernismVI.MajorAmericanmodernistsDefinition•Modernismisaphilosophicalmovementthat,alongwithculturaltrendsandchanges,arosefromwide-scaleandfar-reach