词汇学,英式英语和美式英语的区别

3.DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglishWarmingup—jokes！•一位英国人和美国人在火车站不期而遇•A：What’syourjob?•E：I’maclerk.•A：Clock?Yourjobistoticktickalldaylong?”•同一个词clerk,英国人读［cla:k］与美国人clock发音相同。而美国人念［klεrk］•以上这则笑话就反映了英美两国在语音方面的不同。Warmingup—jokes！•Lift/Elevator：•A：HowcanIgetto20thfloor?•B：Takealift.•A：Ok,butwhocanbesostrongtoliftmeto20thfloor?•在英国,你可以搭lift.•在美国搭elevator,没有人会把你抬上去的哦!•以上这则笑话就反映了英美两国在词汇方面的不同Think？•WhatareotherdifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish？Content：DifferencesinI：pronunciationII：spellingIII：grammarIV：vocabularyPartI:DifferencesinPronunciationNotice!•1.British/Americanpronunciation:mostassociatedwithnationalbroadcastingleastrestrictedinitsgeographicaldistribution.2.Onethewhole,thesimilaritiesare(greater/lesser)thanthedifferences.Because:thedifferencesmaycausebriefhesitationorasmile,butrarelyinterferewithcommunication.I:DifferencesinPronunciationthevowelsoundsconsonants.•example(1.)”r”.Silent:beforeaconsonant;•notsilent:(1)attheendofaword•(2)thenextwordbeginswithavowelbutnototherwise•AmE.pronouncedinallpositionsinAmericanEnglishBrEconsonants.•BrE.farm/fα:m/door/dɔ:/,amemberof/əmembəəv/AmE./farm/,/dor/,/əmembərəv/Example(2)Thedigraphwhispronounced/w/inBritishEnglish,but/hw/inAmericanEnglishwhen：BrE/wen/，AmE/hwen/BritAmEKeywordsBritishAmerican/α:/(broad)/æ/(flat)fast,advance/fα:st/,/əd’va:ns//fæst/,/əd’væns//ɔ//a/hot,stop/hɔt/,/stɔp//hat/,/stap//ɔ//ɔ:/dog,moth（蛾）/dɔg/,/mɔθ//dɔ:g/,/mɔ:θ//ju://u:/tube,absolute/tju:b/,/’æbsəlju:t//tu:b/,/’æbsəlu:t//iər//i(:)r/hero,appearance/’hiərou/,/ə’piərəns//’hi:rou/,/ə’pi:rəns/Differencesofvowelsoundsdormitory:BrE./’dɔ:mitri/,AmE./’dɔ:mitəri/territory:BrE./’teritri/,AmE./’terite:ri/BritAmEKeywordsBritishAmerican/uəe//i(:)r/curious,rural/’kjuəries/,/’ruərəl//’kjuries/,/’ru:rəl//ʌr//ə:r/hurry,scurry/’hʌri/,/’skʌri//’hə:ri/,/’skə:ri//ai//ə/agile,fertile/’ædʒail/,/’fə:tail//’ædʒəl/,/’fə:təl//e//i:/leisure,premier/’leʒə/,/’premiə//’li:ʒə/,/pri:miə/I:DifferencesinPronunciationphonemesonlywithindividualwords.•Revision:Whatisphoneme?•Thesmallestmeaning-distinguishingsoundunitintheabstractrepresentationofthesoundsofalanguage.InthemindWordBritishAmericanate/et//eit/depot/’depəu//’di:pəu/epoch/’i:pɔk//’epɔk/leisure/’leʒə//’li:ʒə/lieutenent/lef’tenənt//lu:’tenənt/progress/’prəugres//’progres/schedule/’ʃedju:l//’skedjul/tomato/tə’mα:tou//’tə’meitou/vase/vα:z//veis,veiz/IdenticalsystemsofstressandrhythmareusedbyBritishandAmericanEnglish.Thereare,however,afewwordsthathavetheirstressonadifferentsyllable.AmericanBritishEnglish‘addressad’dressadver’tisementad’vertisement‘artisanarti’san‘cigaretteciga’rettede’tail‘detailInregardtostress,itshouldbeaddedthat:1.BritishEnglishtendstoemphasizethesyllableswithprimarystresswhileobscuringothersyllables2.InAmericanspeechapolysyllabicwordhasastrongersecondarystressthaninBritishEnglish.AmericanBritishEnglish‘doctrinaldoc’trinal‘laboratoryla’boratory‘recessre’cess‘reveillere’veilleI:DifferencesinPronunciationits“drawl”/relativelyslowtempoprolongationofstressedvowelsLessvariationinthelevelofthevoicethanBritishEnglish/theAmericansspeakslowerandflatterthantheEnglishmen.PartII:Differencesinspelling①TheEnglishwhichthecolonistsbroughttothenewcontinentallowedgreatvariationinspelling,sometimesthevariantwhichbecamestandardizedinAmericawasdifferentfromthatusedinEngland.②NoahWebsterandeminentpersonslikeBenjaminFranklinproposednumerousreformsonspelling,amongwhichsomeweregenerallyacceptedandbecametheformspeculiartoAmericanEnglish.1.TwofactorsthatbroughtaboutthedifferencesofspellingDifferencesinspelling•Toputitinanutshell,theAmericanandBritishsystemsareessentiallythesame,exceptthat,asthefollowingdivergencesshow,theAmericanvariantissimplerthanitsEnglishcounterpart.DivergencesBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishour…orcolour,neighbourcolor,nerighborou…omould/smouldermold/smolderre……..ercentre,theatrecenter,theatergue……gcatalogue,dialoguecatalog,dialogmme..mprogramme,grammeprogram,gramll…ltravelling,jewellertraveling,jeweleromissionaxe,judgementax,judgment省去不发音字母u删除不发音词尾me，ueDivergencesBritishspellingAmericanspellingsilent…….egood-byegood-byce……..sedefence,licencedefense,licensee………ienquire,encloseinquire,inclosey…………ityre,dyketire,dikec…….ksceptic,discskeptic,disks………zcosy,tsarcozy,tzarxion……….ction（读音不变）connextion,inflextionconnection,inflectionae………eaexthetic,encyclopaediaesthetic,encyclopediaise……….izenaturalise,utilisenaturalize,utilizeBritishAmericanCheque,cigarette,draught,gaol,grey,kerb,plough,pyjamas,storey,waggonCheck,cigaret,draft,jail,gray,curb,plowl,pajamas,story,wagon拼写各异，无法归类的词PartIII:Differencesingrammar•OnthewholeAmericanandBritishEnglishusethesamegrammarsystem.•Differencesarefewinnumberandtriflinginnature.•Thefollowingaresomemaindivergences:PartIII:DifferencesingrammarPartIII:Differencesingrammar1.Theuseofsubjunctive2.Thetreatmentofarepeatedsubjectafter“one”3.Pastparticipleformsforget4.Differenceinprepositions5.Adifferenceinthearticle6.Doyouhave/Haveyougot.1.Theuseofsubjunctive•AmericanEnglish:•preservesthetraditionalsubjunctiveform,•B