词汇学-- 词义的分类及分析

Week8SandyOutline1.词义的分类2.词义的分析1TypesofWordMeaning词义的分类词义分类的理论依据Wordmeaningismadeupofvariouscomponentswhichareinterrelatedandinterdependent.Thesecomponentsarecommonlydescribedastypesofmeaning.词义由各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。TypesofMeaningGrammaticalMeaning语法意义LexicalMeaning词汇意义ConceptualMeaning概念意义AssociativeMeaning联想意义ConnotativeMeaning内涵意义AffectiveMeaning情感意义CollocativeMeaning搭配意义StylisticMeaning文体意义1.GrammaticalMeaning&LexicalMeaning语法意义&词汇意义•Grammaticalmeaningindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeaningofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalparadigm.•语法意义指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式。•Forexample•girls,winters,tables,joys•Wenoticethatword-forms,thoughdenotingdifferentobjectsofreality,havesomethingincommon.Thiscommonelementisthegrammaticalmeaningofplurality.•Lexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.•林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。•Forexample•go,goes,went,going,gone•possessdifferentgrammaticalmeaningsoftense,person,andsoon,butineachoftheseformswefindoneandthesamesemanticcomponent.所以，一个词在不同的语境中有不同的语法形式来表达不同的语法意义，但词汇意义却保持不变。2.ConceptualMeaning&AssociativeMeaning概念意义&联想意义•Conceptualmeaningismeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.•概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。•Associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate,liabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,etc.•联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。Whatarethesourcesofassociativemeanings?•Thepersonswhousesuchlexemes;•Thesettingsinwhichsuchlexemesareemployed;•Culturalvaluesassociatedwiththereferentsofthelexemes;•Theoccurrenceofsuchlexemesinpriortexts;•Contaminationfromlinguisticcollocations;AssociativeMeaningConnotativeMeaning内涵意义AffectiveMeaning情感意义CollocativeMeaning搭配意义StylisticMeaning文体意义1)ConnotativeMeaning内涵意义Itreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning.内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。Discussion:农民：peasant/farmerambition:野心/雄心壮志官：official/officer政治：politics个人主义：individualism外国人：foreigner英汉词语内涵比较1.动物：Dragon/dog/Peacock/magpie2.自然界：westwind/moonlight/moonshine3.颜色词语：red/white/black/green/blue4.数字词语：13英语和汉语中结构相同但词义并不相同的词。Sweetwater/anolddaughter/drygoodswhitenight/Indiansummer/guineapigVice-chancellor/eatone’swords颜色词要特别注意：白菜/白熊/白蚁/白送/白开水白饭/红运/红榜/红利2)StylisticMeaning文体意义•Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings,manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentstyles.•很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。•Insomedictionaries,thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas“formal,informal,literary,archaic,slang”andsoon.Comparethefollowingtwogroupsofsynonyms.•leave•job•can’t•tired•ad•depart•position•cannot•fatigued•advertisement3)AffectiveMeaning情感意义•Affectivemeaningexpressesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.Thismeaningcanbeovertlyandexplicitlyconveyedsimplybythechoiceoftherightwords.•情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出来。•Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:•情感意义有2类：褒义和贬义•Appreciative&pejorative/derogative.•Wordsofpositiveovertonesareusedtoshowappreciationortheattitudeofapproval;欣赏或肯定•Thoseofnegativeconnotationsimplydisapproval,contemptorcriticism.否定、轻蔑或批评•little•famous•slim/slender•determined•statesman•confidence•farmer•publicity•small•notorious•skinny•pigheaded•politician•complacency•peasant•propagandaTellwhichcolumncontainstheappreciativeaffectivemeaning.4)CollocativeMeaning搭配意义•Itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordswithwhichitco-occurs.•搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。•Prettyandhandsomesharecommongroundinthemeaninggood-looking,butmaybedistinguishedbytherangeofnounswithwhichtheyarelikelytoco-occur.girlboyboymanwomancarflowervesselprettygardenhandsomeovercoatcolourairlinervillagetypewriteretc.etc.2ComponentialAnalysis词义的分析Whatiscomponentialanalysis?1.theanalysisofwordmeanings2.isoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents,whichareknownassemanticfeatures语义特征orsensecomponents语义成分.（语义特征与语义成分是同义词。）语义特征(semanticfeatures)•语义特征(semanticfeatures)是对人类经验的一种抽象概括，属于原语言(metalanguage)，用来描述任何语言的语义。•例如，对名词的描述，可以是人或非人、有生命或无生命、男性或女性、成年或非成年、抽象或具体等范畴进行语义分析。•如英语中bachelor一词就具有如下几个语义特征：[Human],[Adult],[Male],[Concrete],[Unmarried]。•Conventionally,theseminimalcomponentscanbesymbolizedintermsofbinarity/binaryopposition对分法.•Eg:+ADULT(adult),-ADULT(young).Tobe+Nottobe-•Sensecomponentsareconventionallyenclosedinsquarebracketsorparenthesisorwithout.Theyareallwrittenincapitallettersorinsmallletterswiththelettersincapitaltodistinguishthemfromlexicalitems.•语义特征一般是放在方括号或圆括号里面，有时也不用括号；•语义特征全部用大写字母或小写字母以区分被语义分析的单词。man[+MALE,+ADULT,+HUMAN]woman[-MALE,+ADULT,+HUMAN]boy[+MALE,-ADULT,+HUMAN]girl[-MALE,-ADULT,+HUMAN]bullock[+MALE,+ADULT,-HUMAN]cow[-MALE,+ADULT,-HUMAN]HUMANADULTMALEman+++woman++-boy+-+girl+--“ram”=[+sheep][+adult][+male]“ewe”=[+sheep][+adult][-male]“lamb”=[+sheep][-adult][+/-male]进行对分