英国教育体系-英文

Chapter5TheBritishEducationalSystemSchoolTodayPre-primarySchoolsPrimarySchoolsSecondarySchoolsUniversity/CollegePre-PrimarySchoolsPre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate).Theemphasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay.1.StateSchools(公立学校):11-yearCompulsoryEducation(5-16)StatePrimarySchool→ComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(独立学校/公学):PrepSchool→Public(Independent)School(7%)TwoSystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationinBritain:Question:Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenthetwo?StateschoolsPublicschoolsSchoolFundingStatefundingfromcentralgovernment;SupplementedbylocalfinanceTuitionfees;Endowments(捐赠)ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmamaters)Attendance93%7%TeachingStaffandFacilitiesPublicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities.GraduatesStudentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.PrimaryPhaseCompulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlandand4inNorthernIreland.Pupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).InfantsSchools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5)JuniorSchools(for4yearsto11)There’slittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears.PrepSchools(预备学校)(from7/8to13)(separate;fees;entranceexam)SecondarySchoolsStateSchools(93%)1.ComprehensiveSchools(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)2.GrammarSchools(“the11plus”examination,preparingpupilswithacademicpotentialforhighereducation)(3%)3.SecondaryModernSchools(7%)PublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%)TheNationalCurriculumEnglishDesign&TechnologyGeographyMathematicsInformationTechnologyMusicScienceArtPhysicalEducationHistoryModernForeignLanguageExamsCompulsoryeducationendsatage16.At16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob.OtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification).PublicSchoolsIntheUKprivateschoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools!Onlyenrollpupilsfromprepschools.Hightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries)Mainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools.Boardingschools.Question:Whoareattendingsuchschools?Thestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(贵族)andupperclassfamilies.Despitethehighfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation.BUTopponentsvoicedoubts:It’ssociallydivisiveandbreedselitism;theyareofferingmorepromisingopportunitiesto7%ofBritishchildren,butit’sunfairfortheremaining93%!TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools:EtonCollege(1440byKingHenryVI)HarrowSchool(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly)WinchesterCollege(1394)RugbySchool(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts￡1200to￡2000,even￡3500aterm.EtonCollegeForboysONLY!Itsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(PrinceCharles,William&Harry)Sofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton.Theschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities.HowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout￡16,000.EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutorHigherEducationAllBritishuniversitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommitteefromthegovernment.Over42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18.110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland)3categories:olduniversities,redbrickuniversities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).EntranceProceduresInthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity.ApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS(UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大学院校入学委员会).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.Admission–selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview.Fee-charging(ontheaverage:￡1200-3000)DegreesBA/BSc3yearsfull-timeMA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-timePhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearchBA:BachelorofArts(文学学士)BSc:BachelorofScience(理学学士)BS:同上IndependentworkStudentsaresupposedtoinvestigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch)Thisusuallyinvolvesworkingindividuallyorinasmallgroupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic.Producewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.Coursework课程论文／学年作业Thismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentationsorreflections.Courseworkisassessedandgivengrades.Assessment:acombinationofmethodsQuestion:Isthewrittenexamamustforcourseassessment?NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework65%(grouppresentation20%+individualreflection20%+businessplan25%)+writtenexam35%Plagiarism剽窃Plagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeople’sworkasone'sownwithoutacknowledgingthesourceorreferencing.Cheatingorplagiarismcanr