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Unit1AlandofdiversityGrammar—TheNounClauses名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句(SubjectClause)、宾语从句(ObjectClause)、表语从句(PredicativeClause)和同位语从句(AppositiveClauseWhowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句SubjectClause(主语从句)ObjectClause(宾语从句)NounclausePredicativeClause(表语从句)主语从句一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。e.g.Thattheearthisroundistrue.Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.Whatyouaredoingseemsverydifficult.Whentheywillstarthasnotbeendecidedyet.1.引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。ThattheearthisroundistrueThat-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：Itistruethattheearthisround.It'sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.你非走不可真是件憾事。2.表示“是否”意义时，一般用whether而不用if引导主语从句，Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.但如果有形式主语it引导时，既可用whether，也可用if。e.g.Itisstillaquestionifshewillcomeornot.3.有时可用形式主语it代替主语从句：e.g.Itisstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhentheywillstart.用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…从所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……c.It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……d.It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat…似乎……Ithappensthat…碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……1.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether2.____hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThefactD.Thematter练一练！what与that在引导名词性从句时的区别:what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,表示…的.而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接作用,没有意义.(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(2)Thattheearthgoesaroundthesuniswell-knowntoeverybody.3.____leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who4._____thesportsmeetwillbehelddependsontheweather.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That5.___isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It6.Whenandwhyhecamehere________yet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotbee7.AfterYangLiweisucceededincirclingtheearth,________ourastronautsdesiretodoistowalkinspace.A.whereB.whatC.thatD.how3.ItworriedMaryalot_____shewouldpassthecollegeentranceexamination.A.whetherB.ifC.thatD.how宾语从句•一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句。•e.g.Doyouknowwhereheis?•I’mglad(that)youhavepassedtheexam.•Idon’tknowwhether(if)youarewillingtohelpme.•I’msorryforwhatIhavesaid.•我为我说的话表示歉意。特别提示1.由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。2.下列宾语从句必须用whether引导，不可用if:–a.从句后有ornot时，不可用if:Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.–b.介词宾语通常用whether引导:Itdependsonwhetherheiscomingornot.这要看他是否会来。c.后接动词不定式时。Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?你能否告诉我是去还是留？3.用who，whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。Doyouknowhowoldheis?Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知道他告诉了你什么。Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。4.think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.我们认为你不在这。Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.我相信他不会这样做。1.Heasked____foraviolin．（MET1992）A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid2．Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_____heorshewants.(NMET1997)A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever3.LittleTommywasreluctanttotelltheschoolmaster____hehaddonethedaybefore.A.thatB.howC.whatD.where4.Theoldmansmiledwhenhesawhowpretty_____uptobeduringthepastfewyears.A.hadhisdaughtergrownB.wouldhisdaughtergrowC.hisdaughterwouldgrowD.hisdaughterhadgrown5.HaveyouseenMarylately?Mybosswantstoknow_______.A.howsheisgettingalongB.howisshegettingalongC.whatsheisgettingalongD.whatisshegettingalong6.Thetruevalueoflifeisnotin______,but_______.A.whichweget;whatgiveweB.whatweget;whatwegiveC.whichdoweget;whatdowegiveD.howweget;thatwegive7.Youcan’timagine______whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited8.Doyouknow________?A.howmanypopulationsthereareintheworld?B.howmuchpopulationthereisintheworldC.howmanythepopulationoftheworldisD.whatthepopulationoftheworldis9.Idon'tdoubt________he'llcome.•A.thatB.ifC.whatD.whether10.Doesanybodyknow__wewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.thatIfdependson____wewillbereadyintime.A.whetherB.thatC.ifD.when表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句.表语从句放在连系动词后，如：be，seem,remain等，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句。e.g.TheproblemisthatIamshortofmoney.Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestionishowwecangetthere.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看上去天要下雨了。特别提醒1.表语从句中的时态不受主句的限制.2.表语从句是不用if引导的,要用whether.３．主语是reason时，表语从句常用that，不用because.Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.1.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_____mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon．（上海2001年春季招生）A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why2.----IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.----Isthat______youhadafewdaysoff?(NMET1999)A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where3.____shecouldn’tunderstandwas_____fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestin