英语国家概况(澳大利亚)

Chapter16AustraliaGeography&HistoryGeographyLocationandSizeGeographicRegionsClimateMajorCitiesLocation&SizeSize—Withatotalareaof7.7millionsquarekilometers,Australiaisthesixthlargestcountryintheworld,afterRussia,Canada,China,theU.S.andBrazilLocation—AustralialiesintheSouthernHemisphere,betweentheIndianOceanandthePacificOcean.ThecountryissurroundedbyseaonallsidesGeographicRegionWesternPlateautheEasternHighlands•Central-EasternLoelandsMountKosciuszko(科修斯科山)SouthwestinCanberraofnewsouthwalesThehighestpointinAustraliaandOceania2228metersabovesealevelPolandexplorerschmitz,laikayfoundthemountainin1839,andthepolishheronamedafter(1746-1817).Murray-DarlingBasin(墨累达令流域)3370kilometerslong,watershedcoversone7ofthelandareaofAustralia,isAustralia'smostimportantagriculturalarea.Thenameofthisriverbasinisfromthebasin'stwomajorrivers,theMurrayanddarlingrivers.LakeEyre(艾尔湖)ThelowestpointinthecountrySome12metersbelowsealevelClimate1、SouthernHemisphereJanuaryandFebruaryarethehottestsummermonthsJuneandJulyarethecoldestwintermonths2、Varygreatlyfromregiontoregiontropicalarea—hotallyearwithoutwintertemperateregionsofthesouth:enjoyamoderateclimate,withhotsummersandmildwintersThecoldestareasarethehighlandsandplateausofTasmaniaandthesoutheasternportionofthemainland.Climate3、AustraliaiswidelyknownastheDryContinentduetoitslowrainfall.ThearidityofAustraliastemsfromitsproximitytotheequator.4、ThehotanddryconditionsofAustraliabringaboutrecurringdroughtsacrossthecountry.The1895to1903droughtisconsideredAustrali'sworstdraughtintermsofseverityandscale.Canberra:BetweenSydneyandMelbourn.ThenameCanberraoriginallymeansmeetingplaceintheAboriginallanguageSydney:thecapitalcityofNewSouthWales;Australia'slargestandoldstcity.Melbourne:thecapitalcityofVictoria;Australia'ssecondlargestcityBrisbane:thecapitalofQueenland;Australia'sthirdlargestcityMajorCitiesHistoryEarlyHistoryDiscoveryandExplorationEuropeanSettlementColonizationTheRoadTowardFederationAustraliainthe20thCenturyEarlyHistory1.TheAborigineswerethefirstinhabitantsofAustralianfromsoutheastAsiaatleast50,000yearsagoandtheymainlylivedinthenortherncoast,thesoutheastandTasmania.2.Thereasonwhytheymigratedisthatitwasaperiodwhenlowsealevelspermittedthesimplestformsoflandandwatertravel.3.Thewayoftheirliving:anomadicorsemi-nomaniclife4.TheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtoolandtheyhadauniquerelationshipwiththeenvironment,theirreligiousbeliefswerefirmlylinkedtothelandandthoselivingthings.MajorCitiesPerth:thecapitalofWesternAustralia;Australia'sfourthlargestcity;thelargestcityintheWesternAustralia;Adelaide:thecapitalofSouthAustralia;Australia'sfifthlargestcity;Darwin:thecapitaloftheNorthernTerritory;theonlylargecityinnorthernAustraliaFiresTickFarmingTheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtool,theyclearedareasusingfireinordertostimulatethegrowthofgrazingpasturesanddriveoutsmallanimalsthattheycouldeasilycapture,whichiscalledfirestickingfarming.DiscoveryandexplorationDiscovery:ThefirstEuropeansightingofAustralianwasin1606bytheDutchnavigatorWillemJanszooandhesightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsula(约克角半岛）.Exploration:1.Development:Duringthe17thcentury,theDutchcharteredthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastline.Butwiththeincreasingknowledgeofthecontinent,nofurtherdetailedexploration.2.Capture:theEnglishcaptain,JamesCook,namedtheeasterncoastofAustralianNewSouthWalesandformallyclaimeditforBritain.DiscoveryandexplorationEuropeanSettlementCauses:theindustrialrevolutiontransformedthecountryfromalargelyruralsocietyalmostentirelydependentonagriculturetoatown-centeredoneengagedincreasinglyincommercialmanufacturing.However,therapidpopulationgrowthinLondonandotherareasalsobroughtaboutvarioussocialproblems.TherisingcrimeratecompelledBritaintofindsomewheretohousethepopulationofitsovercrowdedprisons.PenalSettlements1783:theAmericanRevolutionendedandAustraliawasestablishedasanewpenalsettlementatBotanyBayinAustralia.Difficultyinitialfailuresinfarming.SolutioncaptainjohnMacarthurbeganbreedingfinemerinosheepfortheirwool.EuropeanSettlementFirstpermanentcolonyThegroupfoundtheBotanyBayisanunsuitablechoice,sotheymovednorthtoSydneyonJanuary26,1788,adatenowcelebratedasAustraliaday.Here,PhillipestablishedBritain’sfirstpermanentcolony.Newcolonies:HobartinTasmania(1804)BrisbaneatMoretonBay(1824)AlbanyinWesternAustralia(1826)EuropeanSettlementColonizationNewcolonies:newsouthWales(1788),Tasmania(1852),westernAustralia(1830),southAustralia(1836),Victoria(1851),Queensland(1859)Growthofsheepgrazing:bothfarmingandminingindustriesunderwentrapiddevelopment.Large-scalegrazingalsodevelopedinthe1830sand1840swhennewsettlersestablishedhugesheepruns.Goldrush:duetothegoldrush,whichmadeadramaticcontributiontothegrowthoftheeconomy,thepopulationexpandedrapidly.TheRoadTowardFederation1889:NSWbeganthemovementtoreplacetheFederalCouncil.HenryParkesannouncedthatthecolonywouldsupportanewformoffederalism1900:thesixcoloniesofAustraliaadoptedafederalconstitutionandtheCommonwealthofAustraliawasestablishedAustraliainthe20thCentury“WhiteAustraliaPolicy”