英语国家概况(美国经济)

TheUnitedStatesofAmericaChapter11EconomyTheUnitedStatesofAmericaForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressThinkaboutthesequestionsbeforewestart:WhatindustrialdevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica?HowdidtheCivilWaraffecttheAmericaneconomy?WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers?Warming-upActivitiesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressContentsHistoryofAmericanEconomyCurrentAmericanEconomyGeneralIntroductionⅠⅡⅢForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressUS—thecurrentindustrial,economicandtechnologicalgiantrankingfirstincomputertechnology,spacetechnology,nuclearenergy,andelectronics,etc.;producingamajorportionoftheworld’smachinery,automobiles,oil,electricalenergy,andchemicals.Mixedeconomyemphasizingprivateownershipfederalgovernment—regulatingbusinesses•anti-trustlawsⅠGeneralIntroductionForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressPrivatebusinessesproducemostgoodsandservices.Twothirdsoftheoutputgoestoindividuals;Onethirdisboughtbygovernmentandbusiness.“Consumereconomy”ⅠGeneralIntroductionForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressⅡHistoryofAmericanEconomyTheColonialPeriodSinceAmericanIndependenceThe20thCentury123ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress1.TheColonialPeriodMassachusetts—settledbyPilgrimstoescapereligiouspersecutionOthercolonies—likeVirginiaandPennsylvania,foundedasbusinessventurescontributiontoEngland’scolonizingprocessofthewould-beUnitedStateschartercompaniesKingprovidedacharterorgrantconferringeconomicrightsaswellaspoliticalandjudicialauthorityForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress1.TheColonialPeriodMayflower,theshipthatcarriedthePilgrimsfromEnglandtoPlymouth,Massachusetts,wheretheyestablishedthefirstpermanentNewEnglandcolonyin1620.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress1.TheColonialPeriodEnglishinvestorsturnedovercolonialcharterstothesettlers.enormouspoliticalimplicationsColonistswerelefttobuildtheirownlives,communities,andeconomy,thatis,toconstructtheirnewnationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress1.TheColonialPeriodappearanceofsawmills(锯木场)andgristmills(磨房)shipyards—buildingfishingfleetsandtradingvesselssmallironforges(冶炼厂)Secondaryindustries(二级产业)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressGristmillIronforge1.TheColonialPeriodForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressClearregionalpatternsofdevelopmentbythe18thcentury:NewEngland—ship-buildingandsailing;Maryland,Virginia,andCarolinas—tobacco,riceandindigo(靛蓝属植物);NewYork,Pennsylvania,NewJerseyandDelaware—shippedcropsandfurs;Thefieldwasopenforentrepreneurs(企业家、创业者)amongthecoloniststoestablishthemselves.1.TheColonialPeriodForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressDisputesovertaxationandothermatterswithBritain:Americans—modification(减轻)oftaxesandregulations;demandformoreself-governmentMountingquarrel—leadingtowaragainsttheBritishandtoindependenceforthecoloniesAmericanRevolution:bolstered(支持、支撑)byanemergingmiddleclassrallyingcry—“inalienablerightstolife,liberty,andproperty”1.TheColonialPeriodForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress2.SinceAmericanIndependenceU.S.Constitutionestablishedthenationasaunifiedmarket.notariffsortaxesoninter-statecommerce;Federalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficesandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatents(专利权、专利品)andcopyrights.“intellectualproperty”ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAlexanderHamilton’seconomicdevelopmentstrategy2.SinceAmericanIndependencenurtureinfantindustriesbyprovidingovertsubsidies(公开的补贴)imposeprotectivetariffs(保护性关税)onimportscreateanationalbankassumepublicdebtsAlexanderHamiltonwasthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasury,aFoundingFather,economist,andpoliticalphilosopher.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressThenewgovernmentdidmaketariffsanessentialpartofAmericanforeignpolicy.PresidentJacksonopposedtoHamilton’snationalbank.Whenelectedforasecondterm,Jacksonopposedrenewingthebank’scharter.Businessespanickedinboth1834and1837.2.SinceAmericanIndependenceForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressTheIndustrialRevolutionBy1860,onethirdofthenation’sincomecamefrommanufacturing;Cottonclothproductionwastheleadingindustry;Urbanizedindustry—limitedtotheNortheast;Immigrantworkers•Between1845and1855,some300,000Europeanimmigrantsarrivedannually.2.SinceAmericanIndependenceForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressUrbanIndustrializationTextilePlant2.SinceAmericanIndependenceForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressTheSouth—ruralanddependentontheNorthforcapitalandmanufacturedgoodsEconomicpolicyunderPresidentLincoln:2.SinceAmericanIndependenceIn1861,adoptionofaprotectivetariffIn1862,thefirstPacificrailroadwaschartered.In1863and1864,anationalbankcode(银行代码)wasdrafted.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar—ensuredthedestinyofthenationanditseconomicsystemslaverysystemwasabolished,makingsoutherncottonplantationslessprofitable;Northernindustrysurgedahead:•Industrialists’dominationinsocialandpoliticalaffairs•Disappear