英语国家概况Chapter13

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica英语国家概况英语国家概况Chapter13LiteratureTheUnitedStatesofAmerica英语国家概况TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsITheRomanticPeriodIITheRealisticPeriodIIITheNaturalisticPeriodIVTheModernPeriodVCONTENTTheContemporaryPeriodVITheColonialPeriod(1607-1775)•CharacterofWritings—religious,practical,orhistorical.•AmericanPuritanism—majortopicstresses清教主义–predestination(预言)–originalsin原罪–totaldepravity(堕落)–limitedatonement(赎罪)orthesalvation(拯救)ofaselectedfewwhowouldreceiveGod’sgrace.RepresentativeFiguresBenjaminFranklinJonathanEdwardsJonathanEdwards•religiousidealism•powerfulsermons(布道)—preachingthepuritanideasandcondemningpeople’sdepravity.•best-knownwork—“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”(1741).•initiatingtheGreatAwakeningMovementtorevivePuritanism.•乔纳森·爱德华滋（JonathanEdwards），1702—1758，北美殖民地时期大觉醒运动的代表人物之一，神学家，诗人，哲学家，代表作《发怒上帝手中的罪人》。BenjaminFranklin•levelheaded(头脑冷静的)commonsense•acompletelyworldlyman;astatesman,ambassador,scientist,essayistaswell.•PoorRichard’sAlmanac—bothaliteraryachievementandaprofitablebusiness.本杰明·富兰克林（BenjaminFranklin）（1706-1790）别名班哲明·富兰克林——资本主义精神最完美的代表，十八世纪美国最伟大的科学家和发明家，著名的政治家、外交家、哲学家、文学家和•Almanac—publishedcontinuouslyforalmostaquarterofacentury.•adages(格言)andsayings–“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”–“Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”BenjaminFranklin(cont.)BenjaminFranklin(cont.)•Autobiography—mostfamouswork.•“thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan”—risingfrompovertyandobscurity(身份低微)towealthandfame.•Autobiography—arecordofspiritualgrowthinadditiontoself-examinationandself-improvement.TheRevolutionaryPeriod•representativework—ThomasJefferson’sDeclarationofIndependence.•CharacterofDeclarationofIndependence–rhetorical(带修辞色彩的)vigor–refineddiction(措辞)–polishedstyle–ardentlongingforfreedomTheRomanticPeriod(1790-1865)IIWritersofFictionWritersofPoetryFeatureQuestionsFeature•AmericanRenaissance.•CharacterofAmericanwritings–freeexpressionofemotions,attentiontothepsychic(精神的)statesoftheircharacter.–exalted(赞美)theindividualandthecommonman.–revealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownandgrewonthenativelands.•BestRepresentives–WashingtonIrving&JamesFennimoreCooper–WaltWhiteman&EmilyDickinsonWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)•“thefatherofAmericanliterature”–thefirsttowriteusingthelocalcolorandthedetailsinhisworks.–symbolismtothethemes.•RipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow—mostfamousstories.华盛顿·欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称美国文学之父。JamesFennimoreCooper(1789-1851)库柏•twogreatfiguresofAmericanmythology:thebravefrontiersmanandtheboldIndian.•authorofthe“LeatherStockingTales”—aseriesoffivenovels–ThePioneers(1823)–TheLastoftheMohicans(1826)–ThePrairie(1827)–ThePathfinder(1840)–TheDeerslayer(1841)•frontiersmanhero—NattyBumppo纳蒂·班波representingtheidealAmerican.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)•chiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism—summitofAmericanRomanticism.–definedas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses”.•Hisessayshaveacasualstyle.–Thebest—NatureandEssays–拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生，美国思想家，诗人。1836年出版处女作《论自然》。NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)•adescendantofPuritanimmigrants.•apioneerinpsychologicaldescription.•wroteasamoralist;triedtofindouthowmenreactedintheirmindwhentheyfoundtheyhaddonesomethingwrong;exposedtheevilsofthesocietybydescribingthepsychologicalactivitiesofhumanbeings.•mostfamousnovel—TheScarletLetter•otherworks–TheHouseofSevenGables(1851)–TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)–TheMarbleFaun(1860)纳撒尼尔·霍桑。19世纪前半期美国最伟大的小说家。其代表作品有：短篇小说集《古宅青苔》、《重讲一遍的故事》等，长篇小说《红字》、《带七个尖顶的阁楼》、《EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)•alonelywriterbothinlifeandliteraturehistory.•literaryoutput:poetry,shortstories,andreviewsforliteraryworks.•strangethemeandstylemakehimanoutsiderofthemaincurrentofAmericanliterature.•foreignersacclaimedhimasgenius•masterpieces–TheRaven(1845)–TheFalloftheHouseofUsher(1839)埃德加·爱伦·坡（EdgarAllanPoe）（1809～1849），十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家，HermanMelville(1819-1891)fame—establishedonMobyDick.•acknowledgedasoneoftheworld’sgreatmasterpieces.•theme—toofaradvancedforhiscontemporaries–presentingableakviewoftheworld:•theuniverseisGodlessandpurposeless;•humanlifeisalsomeaninglessandfutile.赫尔曼·梅尔维尔，19世纪美国最伟大的小说家、散文家和诗人之一，与纳撒尼尔·霍桑齐名，著名小说有：《泰比》《奥穆》《玛迪》（合称《波里尼西亚三部曲》）、《WaltWhitman(1819-1892)沃尔特·惠特曼（WaltWhitman，1819年5月31日－1892年3月26日），生于纽约州长岛，他是美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体（FreeVerse），其代表作品是诗集《草叶集》。•poems—TheLeavesofGrass•combinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual•poeticstyle–freeverse—poetrywithoutafixedbeat(拍子)orregularrhymescheme.•hispoetryironicallyignoredbythegeneralpublicduetohisunconventionalstyle.EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)艾米莉·狄金森（又称狄更生）（EmilyDickinson，1830~1886）美国传奇诗人，她深锁在盒子里的大量创作诗篇是她留给世人的最大礼物。•differentfromWhitman•Whitman—turnedtotheouterworldandembracedsociety,democracyandnation;•Dickinson—casthereyesinwardtoexploretheinnerfeelingsoftheindividual.–shyandsensitivenature,sheavoidedvisitorsandledaquitereclusive(隐居的)life.EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)(cont.)•shortpoems•therealworld—invisibleintheconciselines,neitheraretherepeople.•naturedwellinherworld,andmeta