搜索
Chapter15AmericanHistory(I)(1600-1900)contentsI.DiscoveryoftheNewWorldII.TheColonialPeriodIII.TheWarofIndependenceIV.ANewFormofGovernmentV.TheWarof1812VI.TerritorialExpansionandWestwardMovementVII.TheCivilWarVIII.RapidGrowthofCapitalismaftertheCivilWarI.DiscoveryoftheNewWorldThinkaboutthefollowingquestions.1.WhoaretheoriginalAmericanpeople?2.Doyouknowwherethename“America”camefrom?1.FirstAmericans:Indians.NooneknowsjusthoworwhentheygottowhatisnowtheUnitedStates.SomescientistthinkthattheycrossedfromAsiaonthelandbridgethatonceconnectedSiberiaandAlaska.印第安人的祖先（1607年以前）continentaldrifthypothesis（大陆漂移假说）Howthecontinentsformedincartoon2.Discovery:①1492,ColumbusreachedsomesmallislandsinthenowWestIndies,anddidn’tknowhehaddiscoveredaNewContinent;②AmerigoprovedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafterhim.哥伦布AmerigoVespucci韦斯普奇号AmerigoVespucciII.TheColonialPeriod1.13colonies:1607-1733(firstcolonywasfoundedatJamestown,Virginiain1607).2.Whypeoplewanttomovetothedistantland?Reasons:①opportunityforbetterlife:a.nobles;b.workman;c.poorandhomeless.②religiousfreedom:Pilgrimareartisans（手艺人，工匠）andpeasants(a.1620Mayflower;b.Thanksgivingday);Puritansarewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen(InMarch1630,thegreatPuritanmigrationbegan..)TheMayflower•Significance–AsymbolofearlyEuropeancolonizationoftheAmericas•Background–oppressedbytheChurchofEngland–In1620–201peoplesailedinashipnamedthe“Mayflower”.–LandedinPlymouth,MassachusettsPilgrimssigningtheMayflowerCompactThanksgivingDay•The4thThursdayofNovember•ApurelyAmericanholiday•Origin–TheIndianstaughttheEnglishmenhowtoplantpumpkins,beansandcorn.–AcelebrationwasheldtogivethankstoGod.3.Puritantradition,goodforcapitalism.4.FeaturesbecameAmericancharacter:representativeformofgovernment,ruleoflaw,respectofindividualrights,religioustoleranceandindividualenterprise.Ⅲ.TheWarofIndependence1.Reason:①colonists–morepower.②Britishgovernment:a.control;b.moretaxes(StampTax印花税).③immediatecause:BostonTeaParty.a.reason:TheBritishgovernmentallowedthecompanytosellteaatalowerpriceinthecoloniesthroughitsownpeople,whichtookawaytheteabusinessfromAmericanteamerchants.b.process:SomeBostonresidentsdressedasIndiansboardedtheshipsatnightandthrewteaintotheharbor.BostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件•Background–In1773,Britishgovernmentpassedanewlaw---theTeaAct.•Slogan–“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”•Time–December16,1773•Event–AgroupofAmericansthrew$75,000worthofteaintoBostonHarbor(波士顿港）.2.Processes:①Lexingtonshot（莱克星顿的枪声）②SecondContinentalCongress:（第二次大陆会议）a.FoundContinentalArmyandNavy;b.ThomasJefferson–DeclarationofIndependenceon1776.7.4–aclearexplanationofthepoliticaltheorybehindtherevolution.③Saratoga–turningpoint–Frenchhelp.④1781,Yorktown,Cornwallis,surrendered.⑤1783,TreatyofParis（巴黎和约）,recognizedtheindependence.独立宣言ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰斐逊(1743－1826)美国政治家、思想家、哲学家、科学家、教育家，第三任美国总统。他是美国独立战争期间的主要领导人之一，1776年，作为一个包括约翰·亚当斯和本杰明·富兰克林在内的起草委员会的成员，起草了美国《独立宣言》。此后，他先后担任了美国第一任国务卿，第二任副总统和第三任总统。他在任期间保护农业，发展民族资本主义工业。从法国手中购买路易斯安那州，使美国领土近乎增加了一倍。他被普遍视为美国历史上最杰出的总统之一，同华盛顿、林肯和罗斯福齐名。最新版美元5分的头像就是：托马斯·杰斐逊。3.Significance:a.justwar;b.goodforcapitalismdevelopment;c.internationalinfluence.Ⅳ.ANewFormofGovernment1.ArticlesofConfederation（联邦条例）.①unusual:a.noking,butrepublic;b.havecentralgovernment,butemphasisstate’spower;c.writtenconstitution.②weakness:a.noexecutive;b.congressistoolargetofunction;c.congresshasnopowertoraisetaxes.ThehistoricroominIndependenceHall,Philadelphia,wheredelegatesdraftedtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.2.Struggleduringtheconvention①Between:a.biggerstatesandsmallerstates;b.industrial-commercialinterestsandlandedinterests.②Final:GreatCompromise,i.e.givingeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate’spopulation.3.Struggleduringratification①Between:a.Federalists–FederalistPaperb.Anti-federalists,concernedtheabsenceofBillofRightsintheConstitution.②Final:BillofRights.4.Ratification①1787,Delaware(firststate).②1789,firstCongress,Washington(firstpresident).③1789,Madison,12Amendmentwith10ofthembeadoptedasBillofRights.JamesMadison,fourthpresidentoftheUnitedStates,isoftenregardedastheFatheroftheConstitution.(TheAmericanHistory）Ⅵ.TerritorialExpansionandWestwardMovement（开拓疆土和西进运动）TrailofTears1.DuringtheIndianwars,forcedEnglandtogiveuptheOldNorthwest,andforcedSpaintoopentheMississippiRiver.2.TheLouisianaTerritory:fromNapoleonforonly15milliondollars;theUSterritoryalmostdoubled.3.Florida:AndrewJackson,forcedSpaintocedeFloridaandtheGulfcoast.4.Texas:18455.CaliforniaandNewMexico:theWarwithMexico,1846-1848;for15milliondollars.6.Arizona,NewMexico-GadsdenPurchase,Mexico,1853.for10milliondollars.WesternCowboy西部牛仔西进之门西进运动纪念币7.“ManifestDestiny”（天定命运论）—byaDemocraticpoliticianJohnL.O’Sullivan;itsimplicationsarethree-fold:1）,theinevitabilityofthefoundingoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica;2）,thelegitimacyoftheexpansionofAmericanterritory;3）,thespreadofAmericandemocracybeingthetaskofAmericanpeoplewhowerechosentodotheLord’swork.Ⅶ.TheCivilWar（美国内战/南北战争）1.AmericanslaveryexistedbeforetheWarofIndependence;ma