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TheHistoryoftheUnitedKingdomEarlySettlers1.By3000BC(公元前3000年),theIberians(伊比利亚人)cametoBritainfromtheeasternandsoutherncoastsoftheIberianpeninsula.Theylivedinisolatedcommunitiesbasedonatribalorganization.Theyalsohadaknowledgeofmetal-working,includingbronze(青铜加工术),andagriculturaltechniques.EarlySettlers2.By2500BC(公元前2500年),theBeakerfolk(大杯人)hadestablishedthemselvesinBritain.TheycamefromtheareasnowknownasHollandandtheRhineland(莱茵河流域).•Theyarenamedfortheircharacteristicpotteryandarenotedfortheirbronzetoolsandtheirhugestonemonuments,especiallyStonehenge(巨石柱).StonehengeEarlySettlers3.Inthe1stmillenniumBC(公元前1000年),theCelts(凯尔特人)overrantheBritishIsles.Celticwarriorswerefarmerswhentheyweren’tfighting.RomanBritain1.In55and54BC,JuliusCaesar(皑撒)madetwoexpeditionstoBritainandmademanyofthenativetribestopaytribute（贡物）andgivehostages（人质）inreturnforpeace.RomanBritain2.In43AD,RomanEmperorClaudius(克劳狄斯)IinvadedBritaininforceandoccupiedEnglandandWales.Romanoccupationlastedfrom43ADto410ADfornearly400years.TheAnglo-Saxon•Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊人)isthetermusuallyusedtodescribetheinvadingGermanicpeoples(日耳曼人)tothesouthandeastofGreatBritainfrom445to871AD.TheAnglo-Saxon(446-871)•OldEnglish,sometimescalledAnglo-Saxon,wasthelanguagecontinuedtobethecommonlanguageofEnglanduntilaftertheNormanConquestof1066.TheNormanConquestof1066TheNormans(诺曼人)crossedtheEnglishChannelin1066,William---adukeofNormandy,FrancedefeatedanEnglisharmyunderKingHaroldintheBattleofHastings.WilliamtooktheEnglishthroneandbecameWilliamtheFirstoftheEngland.TheTowerofLondon•TheTowerofLondonhasaveryinterestingstorybehindit.Itwasbegunbyaman,whowasnotevenEnglish,WilliamofNormandy,France.AtthetimehewasthecousinofEngland'sKingEdward.ItallstartedbecauseWilliambecameoutragedwhenEdwardbackeddownonhispromisetogivethethronetoWilliamandendedupgivingthethronetohisEnglishbrother-in-law,Harold.TheTowerofLondon•WilliamsailedhisarmyacrosstheEnglishChanneltoconquerEngland.OnOctober14,1066,hemetHaroldatHastingsandconqueredhim.OnChristmasDaylaterthatyear,WilliamtheconquerorwascrownedKingofEngland.TheTowerofLondon•ImmediatelyafterWilliamtookoverasking,hebuiltfortseverywhere.OnestoodinthesoutheasterncornerofLondon,onthenorthbankoftheThamesRiver.Williamorderedthatthisfortberemovedin1078tobereplacedbyahugestonestronghold.Thiswouldbethesymbolofhispower,afortressforhisdefense,andaprisonforhisenemies.HenamedittheTowerofLondon.TheTowerofLondon•ThetowerofLondon,acastleinthecenterofLondonwhichWilliambuilt,stillstandstoday.•伦敦塔是一座具有900多年历史的罗曼式城堡建筑，它是一座蹲伏式的石头建筑，由高低起伏、功能不同的若干建筑组成。伦敦塔位于泰晤士河北岸，伦敦塔桥附近，是伦敦著名古迹之一。经过历代君主的扩建和修整，整个建筑反映了英国不同朝代的建筑风格。(组图)TheGreatCharterTheBeginningoftheParliament•TheGreatCharter(1215)---MagnaCarta(LatinforGreatCharter)wasthefirstdocumentforcedontoanEnglishKingbyhissubjectsinanattempttolimithispowersbylaw.TheGreatCharterTheBeginningoftheParliament•Themostsignificantclauseatthetimewasclause61,knownasthe“securityclause”.Thisestablishedacommitteeof25baronswhocouldatanytimemeetandoverrule（拒绝）thewilloftheKing.Clause61essentiallymadeKinginnameonly.TheGreatCharterTheBeginningoftheParliament•Clause14statesthatthecommonconsentofthekingdomwastobesoughtfromacouncilofthearchbishops,bishops,earlsandgreaterBarons.Thislaterbecamethegreatcouncil,whichledtothefirstparliament.•注：MagnaCarta(theGreatCharter)英国大宪章。1215年，英国大封建领主和教会反对英王约翰的一些政策，迫使他签署了保障部分公民权和政治权利的文件，限制国王的权力。大宪章被认为是维护公民权不受王权侵犯的重要文件。TheGreatCharterTheBeginningoftheParliamentTheBeginningoftheParliament•TheProvisionsofOxfordisoftenregardedasEngland’sfirstwrittenconstitution（宪法）.TheprovisionsforcedtheBritishKingtoacceptanewformofgovernmentinwhichpowerwasplacedinthehandsofacouncilof15members.TheBeginningoftheParliament•Parliament,meanwhile,whichwastomeetthreetimesayear,wouldmonitortheperformanceofthiscouncil.Itssignificancewasthat,forthefirsttime,theEnglishCrownwasforcedtorecognizetherightsandpowersofParliament.TheBeginningoftheParliament•TheGreatCouncil大议会----firstestablishedbyWilliamtheConqueror,onlyincludedtheFrencharistocrats.Later,Kingneededmoney,sohebegantosummonfeudalbaronsbynametoborrowmoney-----theHouseofLords.TheBeginningoftheParliament•Inthe13thcenturytheGreatCouncilwaswidenedtoincluderepresentativesofcountiesandtowns-----theHouseofCommons.Itwasinthiswaythatthegreatcouncilcametoincludeboththosewhoweresummoned“byname(theHouseofLords)andrepresentativesofcommunities(theHouseofCommons).ThesetwohousesexisttodayandcollectivelywecallthemtheParliament.国会大厦TheGloriousRevolutionof1688TheRevolutionof1688wasoneofthemostimportanteventsinthelongevolution(演变)ofpowerspossessedbyParliamentandbytheCrowninEngland.Since1689,England,andlatertheUnitedKingdom,hasbeengovernedunderasystemofconstitutionalmonarchy（立宪君主）,whichhasbeenuninterrupted.TheBillofRightsof1689•In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespecttherightsofParliament.AfterthisGloriousRevolutiontheBillofRightwaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.TheEnglishReformation