英语国家社会与文化入门(第三版)下册名词解释

1、thefirstEnglishpermanentsettlementwasorganizedin1607bytheLondonCompanywithacharterfromtheEnglishKJing.ThecolonistssettledinVirginiaandsurvivedbyimposingstrictdisciplineonthemselvesandbytransplantingtobaccointothecolonyofVirginia.In1619,thesettlerselectedtheirdelegatesandsetuptheHouseofBurgesses,andthesametimetheyboughtandenslavedblackservants.ThesetwoeventsgreatlyinfluencedthepoliticalandsocialdebelopmentoftheUniteStateslater2、PuritanswerethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChuurchofEngland.TheybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod'schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod'selectwasthesuccessinhisoorkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod'swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.3、GeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewastheCommander-in-chiefoftheContinentalAemyintheWarofIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstPresidentoftheUS4、BenjaminFranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.HeparticipatedinwritingthedeclarationofindependenceandmakingtheUSConstitution5、TheDeclarationofIndependencewasmainlydraftedbyTomasJeffersonandadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776,whenthepeopleof13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.Thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalineablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernment:thepowerofgovernmentcamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmentsweretosecuretherightsmentionedabove.ThetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheAmenricanRevolutionmainlycamefromJohnLocke6．TheArticlesofConfederation:AftertheWarofIndependencewaswon,thenewnationoftheUnitedStateswasorganizedundertheagreementoftheArticlesofConfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledtheCongress.Eachstatehaditsowngovernment,madeitsownlawsandhandleditsinternalaffairs.ThestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressandwitheachother.TheCongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandtheCongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.Asaresult,theArticlesofConfederationfailed.7．Federalsystem:Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.8.themakingoftheU.SConstitutionTheArticlesofConfederationfailed.TheCongressdecidedtoholdaconstitutionalconventiontorevisetheArticlesofConfederation.Thedelegatesfrom12states(RhodeIslandrefusedtoparticipated)gatheredinPhiladelphiain1787andendupinwritinganewconstitutionandsetafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.TheConstitutionprovidedthatanelectionofthepresidentwouldbecalledfor,federallawswouldbemadeonlybyaCongressmadeupoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenateandaSupremeCourtwouldbesetup.ThisnewConstitutionwasfinallyapprovedbythemajorityofthecitizensinover9ofthe13statesandwasofficiallyputintoeffectin1787.9.Theexecutivebranchisthepresident,whoiselectedtoafour-yearterm.Apresidentcanbeelectedtoonlytwotermsaccordingtoanamendmentpassedin1951.Thepresidentcanappointfederaljudgesasvacanciesoccur.Heisthecommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.Thepresidenthasotherbroadauthoritiesinrunningthegovernmentdepartmentsandhandlingforeignrelations.10.TheBillofRightsconsistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.11.EliWhitneyisanAmericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin,whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.Healsobeganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeablepart.ThiscontributedtotheAmericansystemofmassproduction.12.SamuelSlaterIn1793,SamuelSlaterbuiltthefirstfactoryintheU.S---acottonclothfactoryinPawtucket,RhodeIsland.Hebuiltthefactoryfrommemory,becauseitwasacrimetocarryfactoryplantoutofEngland.ThesuccessofhisfactorystartedaprocessofchangethatturnedthenortheasternregionoftheUnitedStatesintoanimportantmanufacturingcenterandhelpedthenationbecomeamajorcottonproducer.13.HomelandsecurityisshortfortheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(abbreviatedasDHS).ItisfoundonMarch1,2003,andisaCabinetdepartmentoftheUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentwiththeprimaryresponsibilitiesofprotectingtheterritoryoftheUSfromterroristattacksandrespondingtonaturaldisasters.Withmorethan200,000employees,DHSisthethirdlargestCabinetdepartment,aftertheDepartmentsofDefenseandVeteransAffairs.OtheragencieswithsignificanthomelandsecurityresponsibilitiesincludetheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,andEnergy.14.Corporationisaformofbusinessorganization.Comparedwiththesoleproprietorshipandthepartnership,thecorporationmaysurvivethedeathofitsfounderorfounders.Becauseitcoulddrawonapoolofinvestor,itisamuchmoreefficienttoolforraisingthelargeamountsofcapitalneededbyexpandingbusiness.Anditenjoyslimitedliability,