Grammar

Module4ASocialSurvey---MyNeighborhoodGrammar现在完成进行时现在完成进行时表示某一动作在过去开始发生,已经持续到现在,并且还将持续,或刚刚停止。其构成:have(has)+been+doing我学英语已经学了十年了。IhavebeenlearningEnglishforthreeyears.我等你已经等了三个小时了。Ihavebeenwaitingthreehoursforyou.比较一般过去时与现在完成时(1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。(2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等,皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,uptonow,inthepast…years,等,皆不确定的时间状语。(3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如：Isawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.(是团员的状态可持续)ShehasreturnedfromParis.（她已从巴黎回来了。）Shereturnedyesterday.（她是昨天回来的。）注意：句子中如有一般过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,lastweek,in1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：(错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.(1).Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I’veheardhimsing.用于现在完成时的句型注意:Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.(2)Thisis+形容词最高级+that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时。例如：ThisisthebestfilmthatI’ve(ever)seen.瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“Hehasleft.”但不能说“Hehasleftforthreeyears.”如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法：一、用ago，使用一般过去时。Heleftherethreeyearsago.二、用“Itis+一段时间＋since＋一般过去时从句”Itisthreeyearssincehelefthere.三、用“一段时间＋have/haspassed+since+一般过去时从句”Threeyearshavepassedsincehelefthere.现在完成时与瞬间动词以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的be+名词／形容词或副词／介词短语等。1.直接转化成延续性动词buycatch(get)acoldborrowcome/go/becomehavehaveacoldkeepbe2.转换成be+名词jointhearmyjointhePartygotoschoolbeasoldierbeaPartymemberbeastudent3.转换成be+形容词或副词diefinishbeginleavefallsleepcloseopenbedeadbeoverbeonbeawaybeasleepbeclosedbeopen4.转换成be+介词短语gotoschooljointhearmybeinschoolbeinthearmy一般过去时态和现在完成时态可以构成同义句：e.g:①.我们买这本书三年了。Wehavehadthebookforthreeyears.Weboughtthebookthreeyearsago.②他感冒三天了。Hehashadacoldforthreedays.Hecaughtacoldthreedaysago.③自从上星期以来,我就借了这本书。Ihavekeptthebooksincelastweek.Iborrowedthebooklastweek.④我成为一个学生两年多了。Ihavebeenastudentforovertwoyears.Ibecameastudenttwoyearsago.⑤MrBlack死了三年了。MrBlackhasbeendeadforthreeyears.MrBlackdiedthreeyearsago.⑥小明参军半年了。XiaoMinghasbeenasoldierforhalfayear.XiaoMingjoinedthearmyhalfayearago.⑦我们上了8年学了。Wehavebeenstudentsforeightyears.⑧下课10分钟了。Theclasshasbeenoverfortenminutes.⑨电影开始了一小时了。Thefilmhasbeenonforanhour.一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：Ihavevisitedthefactory.Ivisitedthefactorylastyear.二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词），常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。如：现在完成时的三看三用－Haveyouhadyourbreakfast?－Yes,Ihave.－Whendidyouhaveit?－Atseventhirty.注意：这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：Howmanywordshaveyoulearnedbyheart?Howdidyoulearnthembyheart?三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：Hehasbeenaleaguememberfortwomonths.HejoinedtheYouthLeaguetwomonthsago.1.___thatdresswhenIfirstsawyouatthestation?A.WereyouwearingB.HaveyouwornC.DidyouwearD.DoyouwearA2.―Katedoesn’tlookverywell.What’swrongwithher?―Shehasaheadachebecauseshe___toolong;sheoughttostopworking.A.hasbeenreadingB.hadreadC.isreadingD.wasreadingA3.“Tellthestudentstostopshouting.We____ouressays.”A.writeB.havebeenwritingC.arewritingD.havewrittenC4.Myuncle,Sam,__managerofthefirm.A.hasjustmadeB.isjustbeingmadeC.hasjustbeenmadeD.isjustmade5.Thisisthefirsttimethestudents__toHydePark.A.havegoneB.havebeengoneC.havebeengoingD.arebeinggoneCA6.She______hermother’sworksinceshewasadmittedintohospital.A.isdoingB.hasbeendoingC.hasdoneD.hasbeendoneB7.Nowthatyou___,whatareyougoingtodo?A.arebeingreturnedB.havebeenreturningC.havebeenreturnedD.havereturnedD8.I___theincidentasifitwereyesterday.A.amstilltorememberB.havestillbeenrememberingC.ambeingstillrememberedD.stillrememberD9.－Where_____themap?Ican’tseeanywhere.－I_____itrightherejustnow.A.didyouput;haveputB.haveyouput;putC.hadyouput;wasputtingD.wereyouputting;haveputB10.JohntoldMarythathe___whathewasdoingduringthevacation.A.wasjustaskedB.wasjustaskingC.hadjustbeenaskedD.hadjustaskedC11.You’veneverseensuchawonderfulfilmbefore,_______?A.haven’tyouB.haveyouC.doyouD.don’tyou12.—Ihavewatchedthegame.—When____you____it?A.have;watchedB.do;watchC.did;watchD.will;watchBC13.Mr.Green____inChinasincefiveyearsago.A.livedB.haslivedC.livesD.isgoingtolive14.Hisgrandma______fortwoyears.A.diedB.hasdiedC.wasdeadD.hasbeendeadBD15.–WhereisHanMeinow?－She____toShanghai.Shewillbebackintwodays.A.hasgoneB.hasbeenC.goesD.hadgone16.－_____you____totheUnitedStated?－No,never,butIwenttoCanadaafewyearsagoA.Have;beenB.Have;goneC.Did;goD.Do;goAA17.Youhaven’tchangedyourmind,_______?A.doyouB.areyouC.haveyouD.didyou18.Howlonghaveyou_____thefootballteamoftheschool?A.playedB.beenatC.joinedDbeenonCD19.—Wherehaveyou_____thesedays?—Ihave_____toKunmingwithmyfriends.A.been,goneB.been,beenC.gone,beenD.gone,gone20.Howlonghaveyou____thisbook?A.boughtB.borrowedC.hadD.