国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPTchap019

InternationalBusiness7ebyCharlesW.L.HillMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2009byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Chapter19AccountingintheInternationalBusiness19-3IntroductionAccountingisthelanguageofbusiness–itisthewayfirmscommunicatetheirfinancialpositionsAccountingstandardsdifferfromcountrytocountryThesedifferencesmakeitdifficultforinvestors,creditors,andgovernmentstoevaluatefirmsTheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)hasmadesomeattemptstoestablishcommonaccountingandauditingstandardsacrosscountries19-4IntroductionFigure19.119-5CountryDifferencesInAccountingStandardsAcountry’saccountingsystemevolvesinresponsetolocaldemandsforaccountinginformationWhiletherehavebeeneffortstoharmonizeaccountingpracticesacrosscountries,significantdifferencesremainOnestudyfoundthatamong22countries,therewere76waystoassessthecostofgoodssold,65differencesinthecalculationofreturnonassets,and20waystocalculatenetprofitsThedifferencesmakeitchallengestocomparefinancialperformanceoffirmsfromdifferentcountries19-6CountryDifferencesInAccountingStandardsFivemainvariablesinfluencethedevelopmentofacountry’saccountingsystem:1.therelationshipbetweenbusinessandtheprovidersofcapital2.politicalandeconomictieswithothercountries3.thelevelofinflation4.thelevelofacountry’seconomicdevelopment5.theprevailingcultureinacountry19-7CountryDifferencesInAccountingStandardsFigure19.219-8RelationshipBetweenBusinessAndProvidersOfCapitalThethreemainexternalsourcesofcapitalforfirmsare:IndividualinvestorsBanksGovernmentAcountry’saccountingsystemreflectstherelativeimportanceofeachconstituencyasaproviderofcapitalSo,accountingsystemsintheU.S.andGreatBritainareorientedtowardindividualinvestors;Switzerland,Germany,andJapanfocusonprovidinginformationtobanks;andFranceandSwedenpreparefinancialdocumentswiththegovernmentinmind19-9ClassroomPerformanceSystem_______hasanaccountingsystemthatwasdevelopedwiththegovernmentinmind.a)Franceb)Japanc)GreatBritaind)Germany19-10PoliticalAndEconomicTiesWithOtherNationsSimilaritiesinaccountingsystemsacrosscountriescanreflectpoliticaloreconomictiesTheU.S.accountingsysteminfluencesthesystemsinCanadaandMexicoIntheEuropeanUnion,countriesaremovingtowardcommonstandards19-11InflationAccountingThehistoriccostprincipalassumesthecurrencyunitusedtoreportfinancialresultsisnotlosingitsvalueduetoinflationThisprincipleaffectsassetvaluationIfinflationishigh,assetswillbeundervalued19-12LevelOfDevelopmentDevelopednationstendtohavemoresophisticatedaccountingsystemsthandevelopingcountriesManydevelopingnationshaveaccountingsystemsthatwereinheritedfromformercolonialpowers19-13CultureTheextenttowhichacultureischaracterizedbyuncertaintyavoidance(theextenttowhichculturessocializetheirmemberstoacceptambiguoussituationsandtolerateuncertainty)impactsthecountry’saccountingsystemCountrieswithlowuncertaintyavoidancecultureshavestrongindependentauditingprofessions19-14NationalAndInternationalStandardsAccountingstandardsarerulesforpreparingfinancialstatements—theydefineusefulaccountinginformationAuditingstandardsspecifytherulesforperforminganaudit—thetechnicalprocessbywhichanindependentpersongathersevidencefordeterminingiffinancialaccountsconformtorequiredaccountingstandardsandiftheyarealsoreliable19-15LackOfComparabilityBecauseofnationaldifferencesinaccountingandauditingstandards,comparabilityoffinancialreportsfromonecountrytoanotherisdifficultThegrowthoftransnationalfinancingandtransnationalinvestmentispromotingthegrowthoftransnationalfinancialreporting19-16InternationalStandardsTherehasbeenasubstantialeffortrecentlytoharmonizeaccountingstandardsacrosscountriesManycompaniesobtaincapitalfromforeignproviderswhoaredemandinggreaterconsistencyCommonaccountingstandardswillfacilitatethedevelopmentofglobalcapitalmarketsTheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)isamajorproponentofstandardizationTheIASBcurrentlyhas45standards,butcomplianceisvoluntaryAbout100nationshaveadoptedIASBstandardsorpermittedtheiruseinreportingfinancialresults19-17ClassroomPerformanceSystemWhichorganizationisresponsibleforformulatinginternationalaccountingstandards?a)theGlobalFederationofAccountantsb)theWorldBankc)theInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardd)theInternationalPanelofAccountingStandardsandEthics19-18ClassroomPerformanceSystemTheIASBcurrentlyhasabout____standards.a)10b)25c)45d)9519-19InternationalStandardsMostIASBstandardsareconsistentwithstandardsalreadyinplaceintheUnitedStatesTheEuropeanUnionhasmandatedharmonizationofaccountingprinciplesinitsmembercountriesBy2010,therecouldbeonlytwomajoraccountingbodieswithsubstantialinfluenceonglobalreporting–FASBintheUnitedStatesandIASBelsewhere19-20ClassroomPerformanceSystemBy2010,whichtwoaccountingbodiesareexpectedtodominateaccountingpractices?a)ThehistoriccostprincipleandFSABb)FSABandtheIASBc)TheIASBandthehistoriccostprincipled)Thecurrentratemethodandthehistoriccostprinciple19-21MultinationalConsolidationAndCurrencyTranslationAconsolidatedfinancialstatementcombinestheseparatefinancialstatementsoftwoormo