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第四章中医名词术语的翻译及其规范化中医名词术语翻译中存在的问题•译语混乱三焦：threewarmers/heaters/burnerstripleenergizer•译语冗长八纲辨证：analysisanddiagnosisofpathologicalconditionsinaccordancewiththeeightprincipalsyndromes;differentialdiagnosisinaccordancewiththeeightprincipalsyndromes•释义不明金实不鸣：solidbellcan’tring(nonsense)excessofthelungqicausinghoarseness中医名词术语的翻译原则•自然性原则所谓“自然性原则”，指的是翻译的中医名词术语应是译入语中自然的对等语。净腑：holloworganforcleansing→bladder髓海：seaofmarrow→brain中医名词术语的翻译原则•简洁性原则中医用语的突出特点是简明扼要，译名亦应保持这一特点。所谓信息密度，指的是在计算机记忆中储存的单位信息所占用的空间越小，运载这一单位信息的词的信息密度就越高；一单位信息从发送者到接受者所需要的时间越少，运载这一单位信息的词的信息密度就越高。中医名词术语的翻译原则•民族性原则中医学在思想原则、概念范畴等方面都有自身独到的规定性；在观念系统、理论系统与操作系统方面，都有与现代医学强烈的不可通约性。所以就文化特征而言，中医学还只是中华民族特有的医学体系，因而具有鲜明的民族性。中医名词术语的翻译原则•回译性原则“回译性”指的是英译的中医名词术语在结构上应与中文形式相近，这样在中医药的国际交流中，就能较好地实现信息的双向传递。对回译性的追求以不影响信息的再现为前提。受盛之腑：holloworganinchargeofreception→smallintestine传导之官：officialinchargeoftransportation→largeintestine中医名词术语的翻译原则•规定性原则“规定性”指的是对中医名词术语的译语在内涵上加以规定，使其不能另有解释。辩证：syndromedifferentiation中医名词术语翻译的基本方法•比照西医法女子胞uterus髓海brain水谷之海stomach水气edema水臌ascites石蛾chronictonsilitis•词素翻译法中医名词术语翻译的基本方法•简洁法伤寒exogenousfebrilediseases→typhoid(fever)针灸acupunctureandmoxibustion→acumoxiDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid脱氧核糖核酸)RNA(ribonucleicacid核糖核酸)CT(computedtomography电子计算机横断层扫描)MRI(magneticresonanceimaging核磁共振成像)中医名词术语翻译的基本要求•阴阳学说方面yinyangdoctrineoryinyangtheorydoctrine:1.beliefsandteachingsofachurch（教旨，教义）e.g.thedoctrinethatthepopeisinfallible2.用来指科学的“学说”或非宗教的理论或主义e.g.theMonroedoctrinethedoctrineofevolutiontheory:explanationofthegeneralprinciplesofanartorscience(contrastedwithpractice):原理、理论（与实践相对而言）•阴阳学说方面阴生阳长：yanggrowingwhileyinflourishing阳杀阴藏：yangrecedingwhileyinconcealing阴阳消长：intertransformation/intermetamorphosesbetweenyinandyang阴平阳秘：yinandyanginequilibrium/balance阴阳失调：imbalance/disorderofyinandyang阴不抱阳：yinfailingtomaintain/sustainyang阴阳离决：separation/dissociationofyinandyang阴胜则阳病：yinexcesscausingyangdeficiencyhyper-yincausinghypo-yang阴损及阳：yin-consumptioninvolvingyang阴阳自和：reequilibriumbetweenyinandyang/rebalancedyinandyang阴阳两虚：deficiencyofbothyinandyang阴阳胜复：alternativepreponderance/predorminancebetweenyinandyang重阴必阳：extremeyincausing/generatingyang重阳：doubledyang/superposedyang•五行学说方面五行学说：theoryoffiveelements相生相克：inter-generationandinter-restriction相乘相侮：inter-subjugationandverserestriction制化：restrictionandgeneration母病及子：maternaldiseaseinvolvingitsoffspring子盗母气：offspringdiseaseinvolvingitsmother木喜条达：liverbearingnodepression木郁化火：liverdepressiongeneratingfire木火邢金：liverfireimpairinglung/hepatopyrexiaimpairinglung火性炎上：firetendingtoflare/flame火不生土：kidneyyang/nephroyangfailingtowarmthespleen金寒水冷：cold/frigidlungandkidney水火相济：coordinationbetweenkidneyandheartrenalandcardiaccoordination五运六气：fivemovementsandsixclimates•脏象学说方面脏象：stateofviscera,visceralmanifestation脏象学说：theoryofvisceralmanifestation脏腑：zangandfu,viscera五脏六腑：fivezangsandsixfus藏而不泻：storagewithoutexcretion泻而不藏：excretionwithoutstorage心包络：pericardium三焦：tripleenergizer,sanjiao命门：mingmen,thegateoflife/vitality,vitalgate,vitaport奇恒之腑：extraodinaryfus•脏象学说方面脉：vessel,pulse宗脉：convergingmeridians,assembledmeridians胞衣：placenta空窍：holloworifices七冲门：sevenimportantportals四海：fourconvergence心主神明：heartcontrollingthemind心合小肠：theheartassociatedwiththesmallintestine心开窍于舌：theheartreflectedonthetonguetheheartis(as)thesignalorificesofthetongue心，其华在面：theheartflourishingontheface