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TheUKEconomy演讲：黄玲策划：蒋晓翠，胡佳佳Focalpoints•Absolutedeclineandrelativedecline•Recenthistory•ThecurrentUKeconomy•Casestudy:TheAerospaceIndustry•Bythe1880s,theBritisheconomywasdominantintheworld,producingonethirdoftheworld'smanufacturedgoods.188019451900hasbeenovertakendominantasoneofdeclinetimeline•Absolutedeclineandrelativedecline•绝对衰退和相对衰退Butby1900,theUKhasbeenovertakenbyboththeUnitedStatesandGermany.From1945untilthepresent,thestoryoftheUKeconomyisusuallythoughtofasoneofdecline.(RelativeDeline）TheReasonsfortheRelativeDeclineofUKEconomy（P71）First,AfterWorldWarII,theUKhadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.Second,theeraofempirewasover.India,followedbyothercountries,gotindependence.•Third,Britainspentahigherproportionofnationalwealthonthemilitarythanmostofitscompetitors.•Fourth,itsindustrysurvivedalmostunaffectedduringthewarsothatBritishcouldcontinuedwithitsolderfactoriesandpre-warproducts.SotheUKlackedofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanksandtheratesofinvestmentwaslow.FactsshowingtheUKEconomy’sRelativeDecline•Britainisalotmorewealthierandmoreproductivethanitwasin1945;however,othercountrieshaveimprovedmorerapidly,andtheUKslidefrombeingthe2ndlargesteconomiestobeingthe6th.RecentHistory（P73)•Followingaparticularbadperiodinthe1970s，theUKeconomywentintorecessionin1974.Results:Workersstruckformorepay.Thegovernmentwasindebt.TheBritishindustryappearedtobedoingbadly,withincreasingimportsrelativetoexports.Solution:achangeofgovernmentIn1979,theBritishpeoplevotedintheConservativePartyunderMargaretThatcher（玛格丽特撒切尔）,withthepromiseofaradicalprogramofreform.Positiveconsequences:•Theinflation（通货膨胀）wasundercontrol.•Companiesweremoreefficient,beingabletopayhigherwagesandmakehigherprofits.Negativeconsequences:•Arapidincreaseinunemployment.•Thepublicservicesbecameworse.ThecurrentUKEconomy•Primaryindustries•Secondaryindustries•Tertiaryindustriesagriculture,fishing,andminingmanufacturingservices,suchasbanking,insurance,tourism,andthesellingofgoodsPrimaryIndustriesintheUK•Agricultureisintensive,highlymechanised,andefficientbyEuropeanstandards,producingabout60%offoodneedswithlessthan2%ofthelabourforce3rdquarterof2007.Itcontributesaround2%ofGDP.•Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheproductionisdevotedtolivestock,one-thirdtoarable(适于耕种的）crops.•ThreequartersofBritain’slandisusedforagriculture,withaboutaquarterofthatundercrops,andtherestisgrazing（放牧）foranimals.•Energyproductionaccountsfor5%ofthenationalwealth.•Since1970s,whenoilandgaswerediscoveredundertheNorthSea,Britainhasbecomeamajoroilandgasproducer.•TheabundanceofenergyresourcesmaketheUKbecomeanoverallexporterofenergy.SecondaryIndustriesoftheUK•In2003,manufacturingindustryaccountedfor16%ofnationaloutputintheUKandfor13%ofemployment,accordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.•ThisisacontinuationofthesteadydeclineintheimportanceofthissectortotheBritisheconomysincethe1960s,althoughthesectorisstillimportantforoverseastrade,accountingfor83%ofexportsin2003.•Britain’scompaniesareactiveinallmajorfieldsofManufacturingindustry,butareparticularstronginpharmaceuticals（药品的）,chemicals,aerospace,andfoodanddrink.•Britain'selectronicsindustryisthefourthlargestintheworld,butinmanycasesforeign-owned.TertiaryIndustriesoftheUK•Theimportanceofsecondaryindustryhasshrunk,whiletheimportanceofserviceindustrygrows.•70%oftheUK'sworkforceareemployedintheservicesector.TheUKservicesectornowmakesupabout73%ofGDP.•Thefinancialsectorisanimportantpartofthisserviceindustry,asLondonisoneofthetopthreefinancialcentresintheworld.Ithasthegreatestconcentrationofforeignbanksintheworld,accountsfor20%ofallinternationalbank-loans,andistheworld'slargestforeignexchangemarket(外汇交易市场）.•Aswellasbanking,dealingincommodities（商品）andinsuranceareimportantprocessesinThecity-thenamegiventothehistoricareaatthecentreofLondonwhereallthisbusinessisconcentrated,attheheartofwhichistheLondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所），oneofthebusiestsharedealingcentresintheworld.•TourismisveryimportanttotheBritisheconomy.Withover27milliontouristsarrivingin2004,theUnitedKingdomisrankedasthesixthmajortouristdestinationintheworld.•Londonisthemostvisitedcityintheworldwith15.6millionvisitorsin2006,aheadof2ndplacedBangkok（曼谷）(10.4millionvisitors)and3rdplacedParis(9.7million).CaseStudy:TheAerospaceIndustry（航空和航天工业）•AfterthoseoftheUS,theUK'saerospaceindustryisthenextlargest,capableofproducingthefullrangeofaerospaceproducts.•However,theyearsfollowingtheSecondWorldWarwereproblematicfortheUKindustry.Itcontinuedtoproducethefull-rangeofproducts,evensellingsomeofitsaircrafttotheUnitedStates.•ButinmostmarketsBritishcompanieswereinheadoncompetitionwithAmericancompanieswhichwerelarger,havingtheadvantageofbeingpreferentialcustomersfortheenormousUSmarket,bothcivilandmilitary.•TheanswertotheproblemlayincollaborativeprojectswithotherEuropeanaircraftmanufacturerswhichfacedthesameproblems.•ThemostsuccessfulprogrammehasbeenincivilairlinerswheretheAirbusseriesofaircrafthaseffectivelycompetedwithAmericancompanies.•Theaerospaceindustryisprofitableandhasbeenthroughdifficultstimes,particularlyinthe1970s,