第二章地球的起源TheFormationoftheEarth•地球起源的问题,不仅是地球科学,而且是自然科学中的一个基本理论问题。•因为地球是太阳系的成员之一,所以地球的起源和太阳系的起源基本上是一个问题。•§2.1太阳系与地球•TheSolarSystemandtheEarth•地球只是太阳系中的普通一员。而太阳只是银河系中亿万颗恒星中的一名小卒。2.1.1太阳系的成员太阳系有九大行星。水星(Mercury)、金星(Venus)、地球(Earth)、火星(Mars)、木星(Jupiter)、土星(Saturn)、天王星(Uranus)、海王星(Neptune)、冥王星(Pluto)九大行星位置排列示意图太阳、水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星、冥王星。太阳系约有30000多个小行星,最大的小行星叫谷神(Ceres),直径约730km。•除此之外,现已发现在火星和木星轨道间至少存在30000颗小行星,其中最大的一叫谷神星(Ceres),是1801年发现的,直径约730km。•九大行星中。大多数都有自己的卫星,最多的是木星,已发现有12个卫星。卫星也是太阳系的组成部分。•慧星也是太阳系的成员。到目前为止,已观测到的慧星有1500多颗。•当慧星从太阳身边路过时,壮丽的慧尾,耀眼夺目,给人以难忘的印象。慧星的出现,并不表明灾难的降临,而是一种天体的自然现象。它非但不是不吉祥的预兆,而且为人类提供了研究太阳系的起源和演化的难得的良机。•1太阳(TheSun)太阳是太阳系的中心,是太阳系中质量和体积最大的天体。•ThisimagewasacquiredfromNASA'sSkylabspacestationonDecember19,1973.•质量Mass(kg):1.989e+30(330,000Earths)•赤道半径Equatorialradius(km)695,000•平均密度Meandensity(gm/cm3)1.410•转动周期Rotationalperiod(days)25.36•平均表面温度Meansurfacetemperature6,000°C•注:把地球质量记为1.10123单位。•主要化学成份Principalchemistry•氢Hydrogen92.1%•氦Helium7.8%•氧Oxygen0.061%•碳Carbon0.030%2水星(Mercury)•质量Mass(kg):0.0556Earths)•平均半径Meanradius(km)2,434•平均密度Meandensity(gm/cm3)6.03•转动周期Rotationalperiod(days)59.7•平均距太阳距离MeandistancefromtheSun(Earth=1):0.3871•SeethepressreleaseofMay28,1998()formoreinformation.•However,thespotinthelowerlefthandregionoftheaboveHubbleimageisverylikelyalarge(about2-3timesthesizeofJupiter)planetejectedfromasetofyoung(10myold)stars.3、金星(Venus)•质量Mass(kg)4.869e+24(81%earth)•半径Equatorialradius(km)6,051.8•半径Equatorialradius(Earth=1)•.94886•平均密度Meandensity(gm/cm^3)5.25•平均距太阳距离MeandistancefromtheSun(Earth=1)0.7233•转动周期Rotationalperiod(days)-243.0187(Backwards!!)•Orbitalperiod(days)224.701•平均表面温度Meansurfacetemperature482°C•Atmosphericpressure(bars)92•大气成份Atmosphericcomposition:•二氧化碳Carbondioxide96%•氮Nitrogen3%•其它:二氧化硫Sulfurdioxide,•水汽watervapor,•一氧化碳carbonmonoxide,•氩argon,氦helium,氖neon,•氯化氢hydrogenchloride,•and氟化氢hydrogenfluoride.4、地球(TheEarth)•Mass(kg)1.0000e+00•赤道半径Equatorialradius(km)6,378.14•Meandensity(gm/cm^3)5.515•MeandistancefromtheSun(km)149,600,000•Rotationalperiod(days)0.99727•Rotationalperiod(hours)23.9345ImageofearthtakenfromtheGalileoprobeenroutetoJupiterin1990ProducedbyUSGSFlagstaff•轨道周期Orbitalperiod(days)365.256•Meansurfacetemperature15°C•Atmosphericpressure(bars)1.013•大气成份Atmosphericcomposition:•氮Nitrogen77%•氧Oxygen21%•其它Other2%•其它观测资料OtherObservations:•HasPlateTectonics板块构造•HasVolcanism火山作用•MostlyCoveredwithWater大部分由水覆盖•StrongMagneticField强磁场月亮(Moon)•Mass(kg)7.349e+22(1.2%earth)•赤道半径Equatorialradius(km)1,737.4(27%earth)•Meandensity(gm/cm^3)3.34(Light!)•MeandistancefromEarth(km)384,400•Rotationalperiod(days)27.32166•Orbitalperiod(days)27.321665、火星(Mars)•Mass(kg)6.421e+23(~11%ofearth)•Equatorialradius(km)3,397.2(~50%ofearth)•Meandensity(gm/cm^3)3.94•MeandistancefromtheSun(km)227,940,000•Rotationalperiod(hours)24.6229•Rotationalperiod(days)1.025957•Orbitalperiod(days)686.98•Meansurfacetemperature-63°C•Maximumsurfacetemperature20°C•Atmosphericpressure(bars)0.007(0.0068to0.009)•大气成份Atmosphericcomposition:•二氧化碳CarbonDioxide(C02)95.32%•氮Nitrogen(N2)2%•氩Argon(Ar)1.6%•氧Oxygen(O2)0.13%•水Water0.03%•OtherObservations•Hasseasons季节-atmospherebutweak•Volcanism火山•Weather-waterclouds,windstorms,evidenceforfloods,polaricecaps(CO2andH20)•Appearstohaveacrust,mantle,andcore•Extremetopographicvariations(-4to27km)•TwosmallmoonsMartianSouthPoleabout400kmwide(smallestextent)6、木星(Jupiter)•Mass(kg)1.900e+27(320%earth)•Equatorialradius(km)71,492(11.2earths)•Meandensity(gm/cm^3)1.33•MeandistancefromtheSun(km)778,330,000(5.3timesearth)•Rotationalperiod(days)0.41354•Orbitalperiod(days)4332.71JuipiterasseenbytheHubbleSpaceTelescopein1995•Meancloudtemperature-121°C•Atmosphericpressure(bars)0.7•Atmosphericcomposition•氢Hydrogen90%•氦Helium10%•OtherObservations•Extremelystrongmagneticfield,maybeproducedbyametallichydrogendynamo•Hasaringcomplexofsmalldustparticles•Highwinds(~400km/hour)observedbyprobe•16knownmoons(4ofwhichyoucanseewithbinoculars)7、土星(Saturn)•Mass(kg)5.688e+26(95earths)•Equatorialradius(km)60,268(9.5earths)•Meandensity(gm/cm^3)0.69(Low!)•MeandistancefromtheSun(km)1,429,400,000(9.5earth)•Rotationalperiod(hours)10.233(fast!planetvisiblyflattened)•Orbitalperiod(years)29.458•Meancloudtemperature-125°C•Atmosphericpressure(bars)1.4•Atmosphericcomposition•氢Hydrogen97%•氦Helium3%•发现甲烷Methanedetected•OtherObservations•Ringsofunknowncomposition(butsomekindofice)•18confirmedplus4maybemoons•Alsogivesoffmoreenergythanreceives~12000KatcenterduetoKelvin-Helmholtzmechanismbutmayalsoneedanothersourcetomakeitthishot(rainingourofHe??)•ProbablyhasametallichydrogencorelikeJupiter.•Titan-largestmooninthesolarsystem.8、天王星(Uranus)•Mass(kg)8.686e+25(14earths)•Equatorialradius(km)25,559(4earths)•Meandensity(gm/cm^3)1.29•MeandistancefromtheSun(km)2,870,990,000(20earths)•Rotationalperiod(hours)-17.9•Orbitalperiod(years)84.01•Tiltofaxis(degrees)97.86•Meantemperature-193°C•Atmosphericpressure(bars)1.2•Atmosphericcomposition:•氢Hydrogen83%•氦Helium15%•甲烷Methane2%•but:Uranusiscompo