课程论PPT

EnglishinElementarySchools:LimitationsandPossibilitiesNationsEnglishlanguageteachingpoliciesKoreaTheNationalEducationCurriculum(NEC)hasspecifiedthatstudentsinelementaryschoolshouldreceiveonehourofEnglishinstructionperweekinGrades3and4andtwohoursinGrades5and6.JapanThenewCourseofStudyimplementedin2002allowedindividualelementaryschoolstointroduceEnglishthrough‘conversationalactivities’topromote‘internationalunderstanding’.InMarch2006,apanelconsistingofmembersoftheMinistryofEducation,Culture,ScienceandTechnology’sCentralCouncilforEducation(CCE)proposedthatEnglishshouldbecompulsoryfor5thand6thgradelevelstudents.China“TheMinistryofEducationGuidelinesforVigorouslyPromotingtheTeachingofEnglishinPrimarySchools”wasissuedonJanuary18,2001.ThepolicyrequiredstudentstostartlearningEnglishinthethirdgraderatherthanthefirstyearofjuniorsecondaryschool.Withreferencetopolicyimplementation,adistinctionwasmadebetweenprimaryschoolslocatedincountryandcityareaswiththeformerrequiredto“gradually”implementthepolicystartinginfall2001,whereasthelatterwasrequiredtodosostartinginfall2002.WhythegovernmentsofthesethreecountrieshaveelectedtomandatetheintroductionofEnglishatelementaryschoollevel？TherecognitionthatEnglishnowfunctionsasalanguageofglobalcommunicationinbusiness,internationalrelations,andwebbasedinformationsystems.WhatlanguageteachingmethodologyisbestsuitedtoteachingyounglearnersofEnglish?--Anearlystart:Isitworthit?ConclusionsfromKrashen,Long,andScarcella’sresearch:1.Adultsproceedthroughtheearlystagesofsyntacticandmorphologicaldevelopmentfasterthanchildren(wheretimeandexposureareheldconstant).2.Olderchildrenacquiremorequicklythanyoungerchildren(again,intheearlystagesofsyntacticandmorphologicaldevelopmentwheretimeandexposureareheldconstant).3.AcquirerswhobeginnaturalexposuretoasecondlanguageduringchildhoodachievehigherSecondlanguageproficiencythanthosebeginningasadults.Adults(andolderchildren)learnmorerapidlythan(younger)childrenyet,inmanysettings,youngerchildrenultimatelyacquirehigherlevelsofproficiencyinthesecondlanguage(L2).--Anearlystart:Isitworthit?Thetwokeyconditionsforeffectivelearningbyyounglearners:(1)theycatertoimplicitlanguagelearning(2)theyprovideampleexposuretotheL2.Anearlystart:Isitworthit?Anearlystart:Isitworthit?PolicymakershavereasonsotherthanpromotingcommunicativeproficiencyforintroducingEnglishintheelementaryschool:1.Topromoteinternationalunderstanding(Japan)2.Todeepeninterculturalawareness3.Toenhancecommunicationinsocietiesthatarebecomingincreasinglymultilingual.4.Toenableschoolstoimprovetheirrecruitmentofstudents.--ImplementinganEnglishintheelementaryschoolprogramEffectiveimplementationrequires:1.ElementaryschoolteacherswhoareproficientinEnglishandwhoaretrainedinteachingyounglearners.2.Accesstosuitableteachingmaterials3.Anappropriatemethodologyforyounglearners4.SufficienttimeallocatedtoEnglish5.ParentalsupportforlearningEnglish--ImplementinganEnglishintheelementaryschoolprogramHuconsidered‘implementation’intermsof:1.ProvisionforEnglishclasses2.TimeallocatedtoEnglishclasses3.AvailabilityoftrainedEnglishteachers4.EnvironmentalsupportforEnglishwithintheschool5.ParentalsupportforlearningEnglish--ImplementinganEnglishintheelementaryschoolprogramTable1:SummaryofHu’s(2008)findingsregardingtheimplementationofEnglishinfourelementaryschoolsExample1T:Whatarethese?(Teacherholdsuptworulers.)S:Thisisa..are...Thisarearulers.T:Thesearerulers.T:Whatarethese?S:Thisarearulers.T:Not‘a’.Theseare_____?S:Rulers.T:Rulers.S.Rulers.--ChoosinganappropriatemethodologyExample2S:KungFu.T:KungFu?YoulikethemovieKungFu?S:Yeah...fight.T:Thatwasaboutagreatfighter?...Amanwhoknowshowtofightwithhishands.S:Ifight...myhand.T:Youknowhowtofightwithyourhands?S:Ifightwithmyhand.T:Watchoutguys,Wangknowskarate.--Choosinganappropriatemethodology--Choosinganappropriatemethodologytaskbasedlanguageteaching(TBLT)Thisaimstocreateclassroomcontextswherelearnerslearnalanguage‘naturally’throughperformingaseriesofmeaningfocusedtasks.IntroducingEnglishintheelementaryschoolcanserveasanopportunityforaradicalchangeinthewayEnglishistaught———achangefromafocusonexplicitlearningthroughexercisesthatcontrolhowlearnersusethelanguagetoafocusonimplicitlearningthroughtheperformanceoftasksthatrequireaprimaryfocusonmeaningandthatallowlearnersgreatercontrolofthediscourse.Thankyou!