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1Practicemakesperfect!高中英语---定语从句一定义及相关术语1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等关系词在定语从句中有三大作用1.连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。2.替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。3.成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.二关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who,whom,whose,which,that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2.whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，可省略，在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.4.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Heisthemanthat/wholivesnextdoor.Whereistheman(that/whom)Isawthismorning?、Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.Thedress(that/which)Annboughtdoesn’tfitherverywell.5.whose指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.2Practicemakesperfect!注意：指物时，常用以下结构来代替：Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisempty.=Thehousethewindowsofwhicharebrokenisempty.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?三“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that,who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。2.介词后的关系代词不可用that和who，若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom指物时只可用which；关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.四关系副词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where和why等。when,where,why都在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：I’llneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstmetyou.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句3Practicemakesperfect!形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略B可用thatC可用who代替whomTheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如果去掉，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A．不可省略B．不用thatC．不可用who代替whomHismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.IhavebeentoHangzhou,whichisaverybeautifulcity.（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1.先行词为all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,theone等时。Everythingthathesaidwastrue.他所说的一切都是真的。2.当先行词被thevery（恰恰，正好）,theonly，any，few，little，no，all修饰时。Thisistheverygrammarbook(that)Iwanttobuy.3．当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.5．当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Whothathascommonsensewillbelievesuchnonsense?6．当先行词既有人又有物时。Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?7．先行词在定语从句中做表语,而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。Sheisnolongerthesweetgirl(that)sheusedtobe.Heisnottheman(that)heseems.人不可貌相。（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句4Practicemakesperfect!1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.1.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.（三）以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（所担当的成分）。A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.基础练习(1)Thisisthehotel_______wewillstayat.which/that/(2)Thisisthehotel_______wewillstay.where(3)Thisisthehotel__________wewillstay.atwhich(4)Thisisthehotel________wewillvisit.that/which/(5)Thishotelistheone_______wewillstayat.that(6)Thishotelistheone_________wewillstay.where(7)Thishotelistheone__________wewillvisit.That5Practicemakesperfect!定语从句专项练习一、选择题1.(09全国II)Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,______wasverykindofhim.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it2.(09安徽卷)Manychildren______parentsareawayworkinginbigcities，aretakengoodcareofinthevillage．A．theirB．whoseC．ofthemD．withwhom3.(09北京卷)–Whatdoyouthinkofteaching,Bob?–Ifinditfunandchallenging.Itisajob___youaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.A.whereB.WhichC.WhenD.that4.(09福建卷)It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituation___theycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where5.(09湖南卷)IwasborninNewOrleans,Louisiana,acity______namewillcreateapictureofbeautifultreesandgreengra